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Lawik dynasty

Lawik dynasty
c.750 CE–977 CE
Ghazni was the power-center of the Lawik dynasty. Citadel of Ghazni pictured above
LAWIK DYNASTY SAFFARIDS SAMANIDS ABBASID CALIPHATE BYZANTINE EMPIRE GUJARA- PRATIHARA PALA EMPIRE UTPALA DYNASTY HINDU SHAHIS class=notpageimage| Approximate location of the Lawik dynasty
Hindu Shahis LAWIKS Samarkand Herat SAFFARIDS/ SAMANIDS/ Ghaznavids Balkh Kandahar Ghazni Gardez Kabul Hund UTPALA DYNASTY KHUDAHS Bukhara AFSHINS Bost class=notpageimage| The Lawik Dynasty was located in Ghazni and Gardez
Capital	Ghazni
Religion	Hinduism[1] (before 782) Islam[2] (after 782)
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Early Middle Ages
• Established	c.750 CE
• Disestablished	977 CE
Preceded by Succeeded by Turk Shahis Zunbils Samanids Ghaznavids
Today part of	Afghanistan

The Lawīk dynasty was the last native dynasty which ruled Ghazni prior to the Ghaznavid conquest in the present-day Afghanistan. Lawiks were originally Hindus, but later became Muslims.^[2] They were closely related to the Hindu Shahis,^[3] and after 877, ruled under the Hindu Shahi suzerainty.^[4]

A branch of Lawiks ruled the nearby city of Gardez.^[3] The SiyasatnamaofNizam al-Mulk, the Tabaqat-i NasiriofJuzjani, and the Majma' al-ansāb fī't-tawārīkhofShabankara'i (14th century) mentioned Lawiks.^[5]

Lawik dynasty appears to have belonged to the Tak (Takshak) people of the frontier regions of Indian subcontinent.^[6] According to Afghan historian Abdul Hai Habibi, Wujwir Lawik built a great idol-temple at Bamyan Gate, Ghazni in honor of the Ratbil and the Kabul Shah.^[7]

Wujwir's son, Khanan (referred to as KhaqaninZayn al-Akhbar), converted to Islam around 782 but then became an apostate. Around 784, Khanan demolished the idol-temple and buried his father's idol underneath it, converting the site into a mosque.

Khanan was sent a poem by the Kabul Shahis, saying: "Alas! The idol of Lawik has been interred beneath the earth of Ghazna, and the Lawiyan family have given away [the embodiment of] their kingly power. I am going to send my own army; do not yourself follow the way of the Arabs [i.e. Islam]."^[2]

According to Zayn al-Akhbar, written by historian Abu Sa'id Gardezi, Abu Mansur Aflah Lawik was reduced to a tributary status in Gardez by Emir Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in 877.^[8]

Around this time nevertheless, it is thought that the Lawik dynasty remained as a ruling family under the suzerainty of the Hindu Shahis.^[4]

In 962, the Turkic slave commander of the Samanid Empire, Alp-Tegin, attacked Ghazni and besieged the Citadel of Ghazni for four months. He wrested the town from its ruler Abu Bakr Lawik. Alp-Tegin was accompanied by Sabuktigin during this conquest.^[9]

Around 965, Abu Bakr Lawik recaptured Ghazni from Alp-Tegin's son, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, forcing him to flee to Bukhara. However, this was not to last long because Abu Ishaq Ibrahim shortly returned to the town with Samanid aid, and took control of the town once again. Abu Bakr Lawik was thereafter no longer mentioned; he died before 977, the year that Ghaznavid control was established in Ghazni.

Although Juzjani gave Abu Bakr Lawik the Islamic kunyaofAbu Bakr, Shabankara'i claimed he was a non-Muslim.^[10]

Abu Ali Lawik was the son of Abu Bakr Lawik,^[11] and also a brother-in-law of the Turk Shahi ruler of the region, Kabul Shah.^[12]

About one decade after Abu Ishaq Ibrahim's capture of Ghazni, the people of Ghazni invited Abu Ali Lawik to come back, take the throne, and overthrow the tyrant Samanid-appointed governor, Böritigin. The Kabul Shahis allied with Lawiks and the king, most likely Jayapala, sent his son to assist Lawiks in the invasion. When the allied forces reached near CharkhonLogar River, they were attacked by Sabuktigin who killed and captured many of them while also capturing ten elephants. Böritigin was expelled and Sabuktigin became governor in 977 A.D. The accession was endorsed by the Samanid ruler Nuh II.^[13] Lawik himself was killed in the battle along with his ally.^[14]

On the other hand, the neighboring town of Gardez remained in Lawik hands until c. 977, when the dynasty was finally uprooted. Samanid-appointed governor Bilgetegin was killed by Lawiks during his siege of Gardez in 975.^[15]

• Turk Shahi
• Ghaznavids
• Samanids

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