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(LATE) -- a form of dementia
LATE neuropathologic changes (LATE-NC). A normal centenarian brain, cut in the coronal plane (top left) is compared to a brain with LATE-NC (top right). The hippocampi on both sides are atrophic (shrunken) in the brain with LATE-NC. The bottom 3 panels show photomicrographs of a hippocampus with LATE-NC, stained for phosphorylated TDP-43 protein (TDP-43). Insets show TDP-43 positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (Inset A--in dentate granule cells) and wispy non-tapering cellular processes stained for TDP-43 protein (Inset B--in CA1).
LATE is a term that describes a prevalent condition with impaired memory and thinking in advanced age, often culminating in the dementia clinical syndrome.[1] In other words, the symptoms of LATE are similar to those of Alzheimer's disease .
The acronym LATE stands for L imbic-predominant A ge-related T DP-43 E ncephalopathy: “limbic ” is related to the brain areas first involved, “age-related” and the name “LATE” itself refer to the onset of disease usually in persons aged 80 or older, “TDP-43 ” indicates the aberrant mis-folded protein (or proteinopathy ) deposits in the brain that characterize LATE, and “encephalopathy ” means illness of brain.
At present LATE can only be diagnosed with certainty at autopsy. The terminology used to refer to the brain changes identified in autopsy-confirmed LATE is: LATE neuropathologic change (LATE-NC). The diagnosis of LATE-NC at autopsy requires detection of pathologic TDP-43 protein deposits in the brain, especially in the amygdala and hippocampus .
LATE is a very common condition: autopsy studies around the world indicate that LATE is present in the brains of about one-third of people over 85.[1] [2] LATE typically affects persons older than 75 years of age (with some exceptions; please see below) and becomes increasingly prevalent every year in advanced old age .[1] This is in contrast to Alzheimer's disease pathology, which tends to level off and perhaps decrease in prevalence among persons beyond age 85 years.[1] LATE is often comorbid with (i.e., occurs in the same brain as) other pathologic changes that are associated with dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease (s ).[3] [4]
LATE has a large impact on public health. Clinical-pathologic correlation studies have established that the presence of LATE-NC is associated with impairments in memory and thinking.[1] In older persons whose brains lack Alzheimer's disease -type amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles , the presence of LATE-NC at autopsy is associated with a relatively slow cognitive decline (in comparison with Alzheimer's disease), mostly affecting the memory domain.[5] However, most people (~75%) beyond age 85 have some Alzheimer's disease-type pathology and in this common scenario the impact of LATE-NC is very important.[6] Approximately one-half of persons with Alzheimer's disease pathology also have LATE-NC.[7] [8] [9] In these persons, the presence of LATE-NC is associated with a swifter disease course and with more severe clinical (memory and thinking) impairment than when only Alzheimer's disease pathology is present.[10] [11] [12] [5] A common combination of brain pathologies—with Alzheimer's disease pathology, Lewy body pathology , and LATE-NC in the same brain—tends to affect younger individuals (often <75 yrs of age) and, on average, is associated with more aggressive (faster) cognitive deterioration.[4] [13] [10] With or without co-existing Alzheimer's disease pathology or other brain changes, persons with LATE-NC generally lack the clinical features of frontotemporal dementia (FTD).[14] [15]
For reasons that are presently unknown, the disease process of LATE-NC preferentially affects medial temporal lobe structures of the brain, particularly the amygdala and hippocampus .[16] In a significant proportion of persons with LATE-NC, there is atrophy, cell loss and astrogliosis in the hippocampus, diagnosable at autopsy (and somewhat less specifically via MRI during life) as hippocampal sclerosis .[17] Brains with LATE-NC and hippocampal sclerosis are relatively more affected clinically than those with LATE-NC alone.[18] The phenomenon of hippocampal sclerosis-linked dementia, as well as the link to TDP-43, were first described by Dr. Dennis Dickson and colleagues,[19] [17] and this clinical-pathologic entity was subsequently confirmed by many others.[20] [21] [22] [23] [24] However, brain changes diagnosable as "hippocampal sclerosis" is/are also seen in other diseases (such as epilepsy ), and many LATE-NC brains lack full-blown hippocampal sclerosis, so, hippocampal sclerosis is neither a sensitive nor specific feature of LATE-NC.[1]
The major known risk factors for LATE-NC are genetic : variations in the TMEM106B , GRN , APOE , ABCC9 , KCNMB2 , and WWOX genes have been linked to altered risk for LATE-NC (and/or hippocampal sclerosis dementia).[1] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]
There currently is no known cure or preventative strategy for LATE-NC.
The deleterious impact(s ) of TDP-43 proteinopathy may influence the brain via a number of different mechanisms. In normal brains and other tissues, the TDP-43 protein helps to ensure proper functioning of genes in the cell; the misfolded TDP-43 may thus impair normal gene expression regulation (so in LATE-NC, there is a loss-of-normal-function), and, the aberrant TDP-43 protein in LATE-NC may induce toxic gains of function also.[32] [33]
TDP-43 proteinopathy (a disease-associated phenomenon discovered by Dr. Manuela Neumann and colleagues at UPENN in the Drs John Trojanowski/Virginia Lee CNDR Lab[34] ) is also implicated in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other diseases.[35] [36] [34]
References [ edit ]
^ a b c d e f g Nelson, Peter T; Dickson, Dennis W; Trojanowski, John T; Boyle, Patricia A; Arfanakis, Konstantinos; Rademakers, Rosa; Alafuzoff, Irina; Attems, Johannes; Brayne, Carol; Coyle-Gilchrist, Ian T S; Chui, Helena C; Fardo, David W; Flanagan, Margaret E; Halliday, Glenda; Hokkanen, Suvi R K; Hunter, Sally; Jicha, Gregory A; Katsumata, Yuriko; Kawas, Claudia H; Keene, C Dirk; Kovacs, Gabor G; Kukull, Walter A; Levey, Allan I; Makkinejad, Nazanin; Montine, Thomas J; Murayama, Shigeo; Murray, Melissa E; Nag, Sukriti; Rissman, Robert A; Seeley, William W; Sperling, Reisa A; White III, Charles L; Yu, Lei; Schneider, Julie A (30 April 2019). "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report" . Brain . Online first (6 ): 1503–1527. doi :10.1093/brain/awz099 . PMC 6536849 . PMID 31039256 .
^ Nelson, Peter T.; Brayne, Carol; Flanagan, Margaret E.; Abner, Erin L.; Agrawal, Sonal; Attems, Johannes; Castellani, Rudolph J.; Corrada, Maria M.; Cykowski, Matthew D.; Di, Jing; Dickson, Dennis W. (July 2022). "Frequency of LATE neuropathologic change across the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology: combined data from 13 community-based or population-based autopsy cohorts" . Acta Neuropathologica . 144 (1 ): 27–44. doi :10.1007/s00401-022-02444-1 . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 9552938 . PMID 35697880 . S2CID 249628141 .
^ Harrison, William T.; Lusk, Jay B.; Liu, Beiyu; Ervin, John F.; Johnson, Kim G.; Green, Cynthia L.; Wang, Shih-Hsiu J. (November 2021). "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathological change (LATE-NC) is independently associated with dementia and strongly associated with arteriolosclerosis in the oldest-old" . Acta Neuropathologica . 142 (5 ): 917–919. doi :10.1007/s00401-021-02360-w . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 8816525 . PMID 34415381 .
^ a b Wang, Shih-Hsiu J.; Guo, Yuanyuan; Ervin, John F.; Lusk, Jay B.; Luo, Sheng (2022-05-12). "Neuropathological associations of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathological change (LATE-NC) differ between the oldest-old and younger-old" . Acta Neuropathologica . 144 (1 ): 45–57. doi :10.1007/s00401-022-02432-5 . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 9997084 . PMID 35551470 . S2CID 248701133 .
^ a b Nag, Sukriti; Yu, Lei; Wilson, Robert S.; Chen, Er-Yun; Bennett, David A.; Schneider, Julie A. (2017-02-14). "TDP-43 pathology and memory impairment in elders without pathologic diagnoses of AD or FTLD" . Neurology . 88 (7 ): 653–660. doi :10.1212/WNL.0000000000003610 . ISSN 1526-632X . PMC 5317379 . PMID 28087828 .
^ Braak, Heiko; Thal, Dietmar R.; Ghebremedhin, Estifanos; Del Tredici, Kelly (November 2011). "Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years" . Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology . 70 (11 ): 960–969. doi :10.1097/NEN.0b013e318232a379 . ISSN 1554-6578 . PMID 22002422 . S2CID 739734 .
^ Buciuc, Marina; Wennberg, Alexandra M.; Weigand, Stephen D.; Murray, Melissa E.; Senjem, Matthew L.; Spychalla, Anthony J.; Boeve, Bradley F.; Knopman, David S.; Jack, Clifford R.; Kantarci, Kejal; Parisi, Joseph E. (2020). "Effect Modifiers of TDP-43-Associated Hippocampal Atrophy Rates in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathological Changes" . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease . 73 (4 ): 1511–1523. doi :10.3233/JAD-191040 . ISSN 1875-8908 . PMC 7081101 . PMID 31929165 .
^ Nag, Sukriti; Barnes, Lisa L.; Yu, Lei; Wilson, Robert S.; Bennett, David A.; Schneider, Julie A. (2020-10-13). "Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in Black and White decedents" . Neurology . 95 (15 ): e2056–e2064. doi :10.1212/WNL.0000000000010602 . ISSN 1526-632X . PMC 7713750 . PMID 32759188 .
^ Hunter, Sally; Hokkanen, Suvi R. K.; Keage, Hannah A. D.; Fleming, Jane; Minett, Thais; Polvikoski, Tuomo; Allinson, Kieren; Brayne, Carol; Cambridge City over 75s Cohort collaboration (2020). "TDP-43 Related Neuropathologies and Phosphorylation State: Associations with Age and Clinical Dementia in the Cambridge City over-75s Cohort" . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease . 75 (1 ): 337–350. doi :10.3233/JAD-191093 . ISSN 1875-8908 . PMID 32280087 . S2CID 215748586 . {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )
^ a b Karanth, Shama; Nelson, Peter T.; Katsumata, Yuriko; Kryscio, Richard J.; Schmitt, Frederick A.; Fardo, David W.; Cykowski, Matthew D.; Jicha, Gregory A.; Van Eldik, Linda J.; Abner, Erin L. (2020-10-01). "Prevalence and Clinical Phenotype of Quadruple Misfolded Proteins in Older Adults" . JAMA Neurology . 77 (10 ): 1299–1307. doi :10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1741 . ISSN 2168-6157 . PMC 7309572 . PMID 32568358 .
^ Josephs, Keith A.; Whitwell, Jennifer L.; Tosakulwong, Nirubol; Weigand, Stephen D.; Murray, Melissa E.; Liesinger, Amanda M.; Petrucelli, Leonard; Senjem, Matthew L.; Ivnik, Robert J.; Parisi, Joseph E.; Petersen, Ronald C. (November 2015). "TAR DNA-binding protein 43 and pathological subtype of Alzheimer's disease impact clinical features" . Annals of Neurology . 78 (5 ): 697–709. doi :10.1002/ana.24493 . ISSN 1531-8249 . PMC 4623932 . PMID 26224156 .
^ Josephs, Keith A.; Dickson, Dennis W.; Tosakulwong, Nirubol; Weigand, Stephen D.; Murray, Melissa E.; Petrucelli, Leonard; Liesinger, Amanda M.; Senjem, Matthew L.; Spychalla, Anthony J.; Knopman, David S.; Parisi, Joseph E. (November 2017). "Rates of hippocampal atrophy and presence of post-mortem TDP-43 in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal retrospective study" . The Lancet. Neurology . 16 (11 ): 917–924. doi :10.1016/S1474-4422(17 )30284-3 . ISSN 1474-4465 . PMC 5646369 . PMID 28919059 .
^ Katsumata, Yuriko; Abner, Erin L.; Karanth, Shama; Teylan, Merilee A.; Mock, Charles N.; Cykowski, Matthew D.; Lee, Edward B.; Boehme, Kevin L.; Mukherjee, Shubhabrata; Kauwe, John S. K.; Kryscio, Richard J. (November 2020). "Distinct clinicopathologic clusters of persons with TDP-43 proteinopathy" . Acta Neuropathologica . 140 (5 ): 659–674. doi :10.1007/s00401-020-02211-0 . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 7572241 . PMID 32797255 .
^ Nelson, Peter T. (2021-08-11). "LATE Neuropathologic Changes with Little or No Alzheimer Disease is Common and is Associated with Cognitive Impairment but Not Frontotemporal Dementia" . Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology . 80 (7 ): 649–651. doi :10.1093/jnen/nlab050 . ISSN 1554-6578 . PMC 8357339 . PMID 34270750 .
^ Amador-Ortiz, Catalina; Ahmed, Zeshan; Zehr, Cynthia; Dickson, Dennis W. (March 2007). "Hippocampal sclerosis dementia differs from hippocampal sclerosis in frontal lobe degeneration" . Acta Neuropathologica . 113 (3 ): 245–252. doi :10.1007/s00401-006-0183-4 . ISSN 0001-6322 . PMC 1794627 . PMID 17195931 .
^ Josephs, Keith A.; Murray, Melissa E.; Whitwell, Jennifer L.; Tosakulwong, Nirubol; Weigand, Stephen D.; Petrucelli, Leonard; Liesinger, Amanda M.; Petersen, Ronald C.; Parisi, Joseph E.; Dickson, Dennis W. (April 2016). "Updated TDP-43 in Alzheimer's disease staging scheme" . Acta Neuropathologica . 131 (4 ): 571–585. doi :10.1007/s00401-016-1537-1 . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 5946692 . PMID 26810071 .
^ a b Amador-Ortiz, Catalina; Lin, Wen-Lang; Ahmed, Zeshan; Personett, David; Davies, Peter; Duara, Ranjan; Graff-Radford, Neill R.; Hutton, Michael L.; Dickson, Dennis W. (May 2007). "TDP-43 immunoreactivity in hippocampal sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease" . Annals of Neurology . 61 (5 ): 435–445. doi :10.1002/ana.21154 . ISSN 0364-5134 . PMC 2677204 . PMID 17469117 .
^ Nelson, Peter T.; Abner, Erin L.; Schmitt, Frederick A.; Kryscio, Richard J.; Jicha, Gregory A.; Smith, Charles D.; Davis, Daron G.; Poduska, John W.; Patel, Ela; Mendiondo, Marta S.; Markesbery, William R. (January 2010). "Modeling the association between 43 different clinical and pathological variables and the severity of cognitive impairment in a large autopsy cohort of elderly persons" . Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) . 20 (1 ): 66–79. doi :10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00244.x . ISSN 1750-3639 . PMC 2864342 . PMID 19021630 .
^ Dickson, D. W.; Davies, P.; Bevona, C.; Van Hoeven, K. H.; Factor, S. M.; Grober, E.; Aronson, M. K.; Crystal, H. A. (1994). "Hippocampal sclerosis: a common pathological feature of dementia in very old (> or = 80 years of age) humans" . Acta Neuropathologica . 88 (3 ): 212–221. doi :10.1007/BF00293396 . ISSN 0001-6322 . PMID 7810292 . S2CID 6265307 .
^ Hokkanen, Suvi R. K.; Hunter, Sally; Polvikoski, Tuomo M.; Keage, Hannah A. D.; Minett, Thais; Matthews, Fiona E.; Brayne, Carol; MRC CFAS and CC75C Study Group (July 2018). "Hippocampal sclerosis, hippocampal neuron loss patterns and TDP-43 in the aged population" . Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) . 28 (4 ): 548–559. doi :10.1111/bpa.12556 . ISSN 1750-3639 . PMC 6099461 . PMID 28833898 . {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )
^ Spina, Salvatore; La Joie, Renaud; Petersen, Cathrine; Nolan, Amber L.; Cuevas, Deion; Cosme, Celica; Hepker, Mackenzie; Hwang, Ji-Hye; Miller, Zachary A.; Huang, Eric J.; Karydas, Anna M. (2021-08-17). "Comorbid neuropathological diagnoses in early versus late-onset Alzheimer's disease" . Brain: A Journal of Neurology . 144 (7 ): 2186–2198. doi :10.1093/brain/awab099 . ISSN 1460-2156 . PMC 8502474 . PMID 33693619 .
^ Zarow, Chris; Weiner, Michael W.; Ellis, William G.; Chui, Helena Chang (July 2012). "Prevalence, laterality, and comorbidity of hippocampal sclerosis in an autopsy sample" . Brain and Behavior . 2 (4 ): 435–442. doi :10.1002/brb3.66 . ISSN 2162-3279 . PMC 3432966 . PMID 22950047 .
^ Makkinejad, Nazanin; Schneider, Julie A.; Yu, Junxiao; Leurgans, Sue E.; Kotrotsou, Aikaterini; Evia, Arnold M.; Bennett, David A.; Arfanakis, Konstantinos (May 2019). "Associations of amygdala volume and shape with transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology in a community cohort of older adults" . Neurobiology of Aging . 77 : 104–111. doi :10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.022 . ISSN 1558-1497 . PMC 6486844 . PMID 30784812 .
^ Nelson, Peter T.; Schmitt, Frederick A.; Lin, Yushun; Abner, Erin L.; Jicha, Gregory A.; Patel, Ela; Thomason, Paula C.; Neltner, Janna H.; Smith, Charles D.; Santacruz, Karen S.; Sonnen, Joshua A. (May 2011). "Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features" . Brain: A Journal of Neurology . 134 (Pt 5): 1506–1518. doi :10.1093/brain/awr053 . ISSN 1460-2156 . PMC 3097889 . PMID 21596774 .
^ Dickson, Dennis W.; Baker, Matthew; Rademakers, Rosa (2010). "Common variant in GRN is a genetic risk factor for hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly" . Neuro-Degenerative Diseases . 7 (1–3): 170–174. doi :10.1159/000289231 . ISSN 1660-2862 . PMC 2859236 . PMID 20197700 .
^ Murray, Melissa E.; Cannon, Ashley; Graff-Radford, Neill R.; Liesinger, Amanda M.; Rutherford, Nicola J.; Ross, Owen A.; Duara, Ranjan; Carrasquillo, Minerva M.; Rademakers, Rosa; Dickson, Dennis W. (September 2014). "Differential clinicopathologic and genetic features of late-onset amnestic dementias" . Acta Neuropathologica . 128 (3 ): 411–421. doi :10.1007/s00401-014-1302-2 . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 4412022 . PMID 24899141 .
^ Nelson, Peter T.; Estus, Steven; Abner, Erin L.; Parikh, Ishita; Malik, Manasi; Neltner, Janna H.; Ighodaro, Eseosa; Wang, Wang-Xia; Wilfred, Bernard R.; Wang, Li-San; Kukull, Walter A. (2014). "ABCC9 gene polymorphism is associated with hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology" . Acta Neuropathologica . 127 (6 ): 825–843. doi :10.1007/s00401-014-1282-2 . ISSN 1432-0533 . PMC 4113197 . PMID 24770881 .
^ Dugan, Adam J.; Nelson, Peter T.; Katsumata, Yuriko; Shade, Lincoln M. P.; Boehme, Kevin L.; Teylan, Merilee A.; Cykowski, Matthew D.; Mukherjee, Shubhabrata; Kauwe, John S. K.; Hohman, Timothy J.; Schneider, Julie A. (2021-09-15). "Analysis of genes (TMEM106B, GRN, ABCC9, KCNMB2, and APOE) implicated in risk for LATE-NC and hippocampal sclerosis provides pathogenetic insights: a retrospective genetic association study" . Acta Neuropathologica Communications . 9 (1 ): 152. doi :10.1186/s40478-021-01250-2 . ISSN 2051-5960 . PMC 8442328 . PMID 34526147 .
^ Yang, Hyun-Sik; Yu, Lei; White, Charles C.; Chibnik, Lori B.; Chhatwal, Jasmeer P.; Sperling, Reisa A.; Bennett, David A.; Schneider, Julie A.; De Jager, Philip L. (September 2018). "Evaluation of TDP-43 proteinopathy and hippocampal sclerosis in relation to APOE ε4 haplotype status: a community-based cohort study" . The Lancet. Neurology . 17 (9 ): 773–781. doi :10.1016/S1474-4422(18 )30251-5 . ISSN 1474-4465 . PMC 6154505 . PMID 30093249 .
^ Beecham, Gary W.; Hamilton, Kara; Naj, Adam C.; Martin, Eden R.; Huentelman, Matt; Myers, Amanda J.; Corneveaux, Jason J.; Hardy, John; Vonsattel, Jean-Paul; Younkin, Steven G.; Bennett, David A. (September 2014). "Genome-wide association meta-analysis of neuropathologic features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias" . PLOS Genetics . 10 (9 ): e1004606. doi :10.1371/journal.pgen.1004606 . ISSN 1553-7404 . PMC 4154667 . PMID 25188341 .
^ Dugan, Adam J.; Nelson, Peter T.; Katsumata, Yuriko; Shade, Lincoln M. P.; Teylan, Merilee A.; Boehme, Kevin L.; Mukherjee, Shubhabrata; Kauwe, John S. K.; Hohman, Timothy J.; Schneider, Julie A.; Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (2021-10-29). "Association between WWOX/MAF variants and dementia-related neuropathologic endophenotypes" . Neurobiology of Aging . 111 : 95–106. doi :10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.011 . ISSN 0197-4580 . PMC 8761217 . PMID 34852950 . S2CID 240120472 .
^ Chen, Han-Jou; Mitchell, Jacqueline C. (2021-06-02). "Mechanisms of TDP-43 Proteinopathy Onset and Propagation" . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 22 (11 ): 6004. doi :10.3390/ijms22116004 . ISSN 1422-0067 . PMC 8199531 . PMID 34199367 .
^ Gendron, Tania F.; Rademakers, Rosa; Petrucelli, Leonard (2013). "TARDBP mutation analysis in TDP-43 proteinopathies and deciphering the toxicity of mutant TDP-43" . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease . 33 (Suppl 1): S35–45. doi :10.3233/JAD-2012-129036 . ISSN 1875-8908 . PMC 3532959 . PMID 22751173 .
^ a b Neumann, Manuela; Sampathu, Deepak M.; Kwong, Linda K.; Truax, Adam C.; Micsenyi, Matthew C.; Chou, Thomas T.; Bruce, Jennifer; Schuck, Theresa; Grossman, Murray; Clark, Christopher M.; McCluskey, Leo F. (2006-10-06). "Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" . Science . 314 (5796): 130–133. Bibcode :2006Sci...314..130N . doi :10.1126/science.1134108 . ISSN 1095-9203 . PMID 17023659 . S2CID 8620103 .
^ "Newly recognized form of dementia could now be easier to diagnose" . New Scientist . 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019 .
^ Chornenkyy, Yevgen; Fardo, David W.; Nelson, Peter T. (July 2019). "Tau and TDP-43 proteinopathies: kindred pathologic cascades and genetic pleiotropy" . Laboratory Investigation . 99 (7 ): 993–1007. doi :10.1038/s41374-019-0196-y . ISSN 1530-0307 . PMC 6609463 . PMID 30742063 .
Further reading [ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbic-predominant_age-related_TDP-43_encephalopathy&oldid=1227565829 "
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