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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Cyclone Ellie
Category 1 is the lowest classification on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale used to classify tropical cyclones, that have 10-minute sustained winds of 33–47 knots (61–87 km/h; 38–54 mph). As of 2020[update] tropical cyclones have peaked as Category 1 tropical cyclones in the South Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the waters surrounding Australia to the south of the equator, between 90°E and 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone was Carmen. The latest was Ellie which was classified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone as it affected Australia.
Background [ edit ]
The Australian region tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 90°E and 160°E .[1] The basin is officially monitored by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology , Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service as well as Indonesia's Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika . Other meteorological services such as the Fiji Meteorological Service , the New Zealand MetService , Météo-France as well as the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitor the basin.[1] Within the basin a Category 1 tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 33–47 knots (61–87 km/h; 38–54 mph) on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale .[1] [2] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of between 64–82 knots (119–152 km/h; 74–94 mph) on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale .[1] [3] However, this scale is not officially used in the Australian, however, various agencies including NASA also use it to compare tropical cyclones.[1] A Category 1 tropical cyclone is expected to cause some damage, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.[2] [3]
Systems [ edit ]
Name
Duration
Peak intensity
Areas affected
Damage(USD )
Deaths
Refs
Wind speed
Pressure
Paul
Edna
20 - 27 December 1980
75 km/h (45 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
None
None
None
[15] [16]
Amelia
4 - 7 December 1981
65 km/h (40 mph)
996 hPa (29.41 inHg)
Northern Territory
Unknown
Unknown
[17] [18]
04U
19 - 27 December 1981
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Northern Territory
Unknown
Unknown
[19] [20]
Coral
Claudia
Des
Fritz
06U
Rebecca
20 - 23 February 1985
75 km/h (45 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
Arnhem Land, Cape York Peninsula
Minimal
Unknown
[21] [22]
Ophelia
Hector
Vernon
Alfred
Blanch(e )
Herbie
18–19 May 1988
75 km/h (45 mph)
980 hPa (28.94 inHg)
Western Australia
$20 million
None
[23] [24]
John
23 – 31 January 1989
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Cocos Island
None
None
[25]
Leon – Hanitra
13 – 19 February 1989
85 km/h (50 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
None
None
None
[26]
Marcia
2 – 5 March 1989
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[27]
Ernie
9 – 13 May 1989
85 km/h (50 mph)
998 hPa (29.47 inHg)
Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea
Unknown
Unknown
[28]
Name
Duration
Peak intensity
Areas affected
Damage(USD )
Deaths
Refs
Wind speed
Pressure
Rosita
4 – 17 January 1990
85 km/h (50 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
None
None
None
[29]
Greg
28 February – 5 March 1990
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[30] [31]
Bessi
15 – 18 April 1990
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[32]
Laurence
8 – 12 December 1990
65 km/h (40 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
None
None
None
[33]
Ken
17 – 21 December 1992
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Cocos Island
None
None
[34]
Oscar
28 December 1993 – 9 January 1994
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Northern Territory, Western Australia
None
None
[35]
Sadie
29 – 31 January 1994
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Cape York
None
None
[36] [37]
Tim
28 March – 3 April 1994
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Christmas Island, Cocos Island
None
None
[38]
Emma
2 – 16 December 1995
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Christmas Island
Minor
None
[39]
Isobel
27 January – 1 February 1996
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[40]
Dennis
15 – 18 February 1996
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Cape York
None
None
[41] [42]
Lindsay
9 – 13 July 1996
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[43] [44]
Melanie – Bellamine
28 October – 1 November 1996
85 km/h (50 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
None
None
None
[45]
Nicholas
12 – 15 December 1996
85 km/h (50 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Western Australia
None
None
[43] [46]
Gillian
8 – 12 February 1997
85 km/h (50 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Papua New Guinea, Queensland
Unknown
Unknown
[43] [47]
Ita
23 – 24 February 1997
85 km/h (50 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
Queensland
Unknown
Unknown
[43]
Sid
24 – 29 December 1997
85 km/h (50 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Northern Territory
$100 million
1
[48] [49]
May
25 – 26 February 1998
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Northern Territory
Unknown
Unknown
[50]
Zelia
7 – 10 October 1998
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[51]
Olinda
20 – 21 January 1999
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
New Caledonia
Unknown
Unknown
[52]
Name
Duration
Peak intensity
Areas affected
Damage(USD )
Deaths
Refs
Wind speed
Pressure
Marcia
14 – 18 February 2000
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[53]
Winsome
8 – 14 February 2001
75 km/h (45 mph)
981 hPa (28.97 inHg)
Northern Territory
AU$1 million
1
[54] [55]
Wylva
15 – 22 February 2001
75 km/h (45 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
Northern Australia
AU$13 million
Unknown
[56] [57]
Errol
8 – 14 May 2002
75 km/h (45 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[58]
Upia
21 – 29 May 2002
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Budelun Island
Unknown
Unknown
[59] [citation needed ]
Beni
1 – 5 February 2003
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Queensland, Solomon Islands Vanuatu, New Caledonia
$6 million
1
[60] [citation needed ]
Graham
27 February – 1 March 2003
75 km/h (45 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Western Australia
Unknown
1
[61]
Harriet
1 – 11 March 2003
85 km/h (50 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
None
None
None
[62]
Epi
5 – 6 June 2003
65 km/h (40 mph)
993 hPa (29.32 inHg)
Papua New Guinea
Unknown
Unknown
[63] [citation needed ]
Evan
27 February – 4 March 2004
65 km/h (40 mph)
991 hPa (29.26 inHg)
Northern Australia
Unknown
Unknown
[64] [citation needed ]
Phoebe
1 – 5 September 2004
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[65]
Raymond
30 December 2004 – 10 January 2005
85 km/h (50 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Western Australia, Northern Territory
None
None
[66]
Tim
22 – 25 January 2005
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[67]
Vivienne
4 – 9 February 2005
65 km/h (40 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[68]
Emma
26 February – 1 March 2006
75 km/h (45 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
Western Australia
Unknown
Unknown
[69] [citation needed ]
Pierre
15 – 23 May 2007
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea
Unknown
Unknown
[70] [citation needed ]
01U/01S
26 July – 1 August 2007
75 km/h (45 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
None
None
None
[71]
Charlotte
10 – 12 January 2009
85 km/h (50 mph)
986 hPa (29.12 inHg)
Cape York Peninsular
Unknown
Unknown
[72]
Ellie
10 – 12 January 2009
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Queensland
Unknown
Unknown
[73]
Freddy
3 – 13 February 2009
85 km/h (50 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
None
Unknown
Unknown
[74]
Kirrily
18 April – 1 May 2009
75 km/h (45 mph)
998 hPa (29.47 inHg)
Indonesia
Unknown
Unknown
[75]
Name
Duration
Peak intensity
Areas affected
Damage(USD )
Deaths
Refs
Wind speed
Pressure
Neville
14 – 22 January 2010
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Queensland
Unknown
Unknown
[76] [77]
Tasha
23 — 25 December 2010
75 km/h (45 mph)
993 hPa (29.32 inHg)
Queensland
Unknown
1
[78] [79]
Vince
9 — 16 January 2011
75 km/h (45 mph)
986 hPa (29.12 inHg)
None
None
None
[80]
25U/20S
29 March – 6 April 2011
75 km/h (45 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
Western Australia
None
None
[81]
Mitchell
26 December – 1 January
85 km/h (50 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
None
None
None
[82]
Oswald
17 – 29 January 2013
65 km/h (40 mph)
991 hPa (29.26 inHg)
Eastern Australia
$2.28 billion
6
[83] [citation needed ]
Alessia
20 November – 1 December 2013
75 km/h (45 mph)
993 hPa (29.32 inHg)
Northern Australia
Minimal
None
[84]
Edna
31 January – 4 February
75 km/h (45 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
Queensland, New Caledonia
Unknown
None
[85]
Hadi
28 February – 12 March 2014
75 km/h (45 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Unknown
None
[86] [citation needed ]
Raquel
30 June – 5 July 2015
65 km/h (40 mph)
996 hPa (29.41 inHg)
Solomon Islands
Minimal
1
[87] [citation needed ]
Yvette
18 – 25 December 2016
85 km/h (50 mph)
987 hPa (29.15 inHg)
Western Australia
Minimial
None
[88]
Caleb
21 – 30 March 2017
85 km/h (50 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
None
None
None
[89]
Greg
29 April – 1 May 2017
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[90]
Cempaka
21 – 29 November 2017
65 km/h (40 mph)
998 hPa (29.47 inHg)
Indonesia
Unknown
41
[91] [citation needed ]
Irving
3 – 6 January 2018
75 km/h (45 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
None
None
None
[92]
Flamboyan
27 – 28 April 2018
65 km/h (40 mph)
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
None
None
None
[93]
Kenanga
14 - 16 December 2018
75 km/h (45 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[94]
Lili
4 - 11 May 2019
75 km/h (45 mph)
997 hPa (29.44 inHg)
Eastern Indonesia, East Timor, Top End
Unknown
Unknown
[citation needed ]
Name
Duration
Peak intensity
Areas affected
Damage(USD )
Deaths
Refs
Wind speed
Pressure
Blake
4 - 8 January 2020
75 km/h (45 mph)
986 hPa (29.12 inHg)
Western Australia
[95]
Esther
21 February - 4 March 2020
75 km/h (45 mph)
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
Northern Australia
None
None
[96]
Gretel
13 - 14 March 2020
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Cape York Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Zealand
Unknown
Unknown
[97] [98]
Harold
1 - 3 April 2020
65 km/h (40 mph)
997 hPa (29.44 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga
Significant
29
[99]
Mangga
19 - 23 May 2020
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Western Australia
Unknown
Unknown
[citation needed ]
Joshua
13 - 17 January 2021
75 km/h (45 mph)
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
None
None
None
[100]
Kimi
15 - 19 January 2021
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Queensland
None
None
[101]
Paddy
18 - 25 November 2021
75 km/h (45 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Christmas Island
None
None
[102]
Teratai
30 November - 11 December 2021
75 km/h (45 mph)
996 hPa (29.41 inHg)
None
None
None
[103]
01U
26 July - 1 August 2022
85 km/h (50 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
None
None
None
[104]
Ellie
21 December 2022 - 8 January 2023
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Northern Territory, Western Australia
Unknown
Unknown
[105]
Other systems [ edit ]
Tropical Cyclone Pearl (1983) was declassified as a tropical cyclone during post-season analysis, after the BoM determined that it was unlikely to have become a tropical cyclone as a result of the strong wind shear over the area.[106]
Tropical Cyclones Isobel (2006), Odette (2008), Fletcher (2014) were declassified as tropical cyclones during post-season analysis, after the BoM determined that the system had not reached tropical cyclone intensity.[107] [108] [109]
Tropical Cyclone's Ken (2004) Gabrielle (2009) , Anggrek (2010) were declassified as tropical cyclones during post-season analysis, after the BoM estimated that gale force winds did not extend more than 1/2 way around the centre.[110] [111] [112]
Tropical Cyclone Peta was declassified as a Category 1 tropical cyclone during post-season analysis, after the BoM estimated that gale force winds did not extend more than 1/2 way around the centre for more than 6 hours.[113]
The FMS shows that Tropical Cyclone Liua moved into the basin on September 28, 2018, as a Category 1 tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph).[114]
Metservice shows that Tropical Cyclone Veli was a Category 1 tropical cyclone within the Australian region between 4 - 6 February 1987, with 10-minute sustained winds of 85 km/h (50 mph).[115]
Tropical Cyclone Usha was named as a tropical cyclone by the Papua New Guinea National Weather Service, however, it is not currently recorded in the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's tropical cyclone database.[116]
Climatology [ edit ]
Category 1 tropical cyclones by month
Month
Number of storms
January
0
February
0
March
0
April
0
May
0
June
0
July
0
August
0
September
0
October
0
November
0
December
0
Category 1 tropical cyclones by decade
Decade
Number of storms
1970s
0
1980s
0
1990s
18
2000s
21
2010s
19
2020s
11
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ a b Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thrum, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (January 2, 2019). The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 4, 2019 .
^ "1970 Tropical Cyclone Isa (1970104S10164)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1971 Tropical Cyclone Dora (1971041S20153)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Dora (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2014 .
^ "1971 Tropical Cyclone Fiona (1971048S16141)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1972 Tropical Cyclone Faith (1972102S11140)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1973 Tropical Cyclone Maud (1973028S16123)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1973 Tropical Cyclone Paula (1973085S09104)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1973 Tropical Cyclone Natalie (1973335S15161)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1975 Tropical Cyclone Amelia (1975097S10137)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ "1975 Tropical Cyclone Denise (1975139S12106)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Denise: May 19 – 25, 1975 (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 19 November 2010. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2015 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Edna (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ "1980 Tropical Cyclone Edna (1980355S10117)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Amelia (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ "1981 Tropical Cyclone Amelia (1981335S16139)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Amelia (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ "1981 Tropical Cyclone Not Named (1981354S12140)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 8 December 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Rebecca (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022 .
^ "1985 Tropical Cyclone Rebecca (1985051S11135)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 13 December 2022 .
^ "Tropical Cyclone Herbie" . Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011 .
^ Staff Writer (23 May 1988). "Oil Slick Spreads From Shipwreck". Sydney Morning Herald .
^ Tropical Cyclone John (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Leon (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Marcia (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ "1989 Tropical Cyclone Ernie (1989126S13178)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ 1990 Tropical Cyclone Rosita (1990005S13112) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Greg (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1990 Tropical Cyclone Greg (1990059S13135)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Bessi (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1990 Tropical Cyclone Laurence (1990343S10128)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Ken (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Oscar (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Sadie (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1994 Tropical Cyclone Sadie (1994028S11136)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 25 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Tim (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Emma (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Isobel (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1996 Tropical Cyclone Dennis (1996042S13139)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 25 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Dennis (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ a b c d Hanstrum, Barry N; Reader, Grahame; Bate Peter W. "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1996–97" (PDF) . Australian Meteorological Magazine . 48 (3 ): 121–138. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1996 Tropical Cyclone Lindsay (1996190S07096)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 25 May 2022 .
^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Melanie (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Nicholas (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1997 Tropical Cyclone Gillian (1997039S10155)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Sid (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1997 Tropical Cyclone Sid (1997359S12129)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ "1998 Tropical Cyclone May (1998056S14139)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 27 May 2022 .
^ Tropical Cyclone Zelia (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 26 May 2022 .
^ "1998 Tropical Cyclone Olinda (1999020S17158)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 25 May 2022 .
^ "2000 Tropical Cyclone Marcia (2000045S14100)" . International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 25 May 2022 .
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External links [ edit ]
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e
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Declassified systems
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Category_1_Australian_region_tropical_cyclones&oldid=1218825182 "
C a t e g o r i e s :
● C a t e g o r y 1 A u s t r a l i a n r e g i o n c y c l o n e s
● L i s t s o f t r o p i c a l c y c l o n e s b y i n t e n s i t y
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● C S 1 I n d o n e s i a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( id )
● C S 1 e r r o r s : m i s s i n g p e r i o d i c a l
● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n
● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y d a t e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m 2 0 2 0
● A l l a r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g p o t e n t i a l l y d a t e d s t a t e m e n t s
● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s
● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m M a y 2 0 2 2
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 4 A p r i l 2 0 2 4 , a t 0 2 : 2 3 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
● P r i v a c y p o l i c y
● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
● D i s c l a i m e r s
● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a
● C o d e o f C o n d u c t
● D e v e l o p e r s
● S t a t i s t i c s
● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t
● M o b i l e v i e w