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This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (June 2020)
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| Mbunda | |
|---|---|
| Mbúùnda, Chimbúùnda | |
| Native to | Angola, Zambia |
| Ethnicity | Mbunda people |
Native speakers | 260,000 (2000–2010)[1] |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mck – inclusive codeIndividual codes: yax – Yauma dialectnkn – Nkangala dialect |
| Glottolog | mbun1249 Mbundankan1238 Nkangala |
K.15,18[2] | |
| ELP | Yauma |
Mbunda is a Bantu languageofAngola and Zambia. There are several dialects: Katavola, Yauma,[3] Nkangala, Mbalango, Sango, Ciyengele ("Shamuka"), and Ndundu, all of which are closely related.[4] Mbunda was one of six languages selected by the Instituto de Línguas Nacionais (National Languages Institute) for an initial phase to establish spelling rules in 1980[5] to facilitate teaching in schools and promoting its use. [6][7]
Mbunda is similar to Luchazi, but has some differences in the consonants. Among other differences,[clarification needed] where Luchazi has /s, z/, Mbunda has /θ, ð/. Where Luchazi has /ts/, Mbunda has dental /t̪/.
Like other languages in eastern Angola and Zambia, Mbunda language has five contrastive vowels:
| Front (unrounded) |
Central (unrounded) |
Back (rounded) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | u | |
| mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| low | a |
Voiced plosives only occur as prenasalized stops, where they contrast with aspirated plosives. Otherwise only tenuis plosives are found in Mbunda.[8]
| Aspirated | Voiced | Place of formation | Sample | Word Sound | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /mpʰ/ mp | /mb/ mb | bilabial | mbandu | sore | |
| /nt̪ʰ/ nths | /nd̪/ ndthz | dental | ndthzili | power | |
| /ntʰ/ nt | /nd/ nd | alveolar | ndolome | brother | |
| — | /ndʒ/ nj | alveopalatal | njamba | elephant | |
| /ŋkʰ/ nk | /ŋɡ/ ng | velar | ngonde | moon |
| Graphic Representation | Phonetic Symbol(*) | Word Example | Word Sound | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | angula | choose | |
| mb | /mb/ | mbunga | crowd | |
| ch (used with nouns) orc |
/tʃ/ | cili | true | |
| chiyambi | hunter | |||
| nd | /nd/ | ndumba | lion | |
| e | /ɛ/ | ewa | yes | |
| f | /f/ | fundanga | gunpowder | |
| ng | /ŋɡ/ | ngombe | cow, ox | |
| ŋ | /ŋ/ | ŋala | crab | |
| h | /h/ | hanja | outside | |
| i | /i/ | imanena | wait | |
| j | /ʒ/ | jombolola | reveal | |
| k | /k/ | kovela | enter | |
| l | /l/ | lilonga | plate, dish | |
| m | /m/ | mulonga | offence | |
| n | /n/ | naana | my mother | |
| ndthz | /nd̪/ | ndthzita | war | |
| nk | /ŋkʰ/ | nkuta | court | |
| ny | /ɲ/ or maybe /nʲ/ | nyali | brother or sister-in-law | |
| o | /ɔ/ | owo | that one | |
| p | /p/ | putuka | start | |
| mp | /mpʰ/ | mpulu | male animal | |
| t | /t/ | tulo | asleep, sleepy | |
| th | /θ/ | thimbu | time | |
| ths | /t̪/ | thsa | die | |
| thz | /ð/ | thzala | dress up | |
| u | /u/ | uli | where is he (she) | |
| v | /β/ | vwato | boat, canoe | |
| w | /w/ | wahi | he (she) is not here | |
| x | /ʃ/ | xwata | forest | |
| y | /j/ | yange | myself |
Mbunda is spoken by the Mbunda people of the Moxico Province and Cuando Cubango Province of Angola and western Zambia.[11] upon the migration of among others, the Ciyengele,[12]
The Mbunda language in Zambia Angola is not spoken exactly the same way. In Zambia it has a strong upper teeth contact with the tongue, to pronounce words like: "Mundthzindthzime" (shadow), "chithzalo" (dress), "Kuthsa" (death) and many more. The difficult sounds represented by TH.[13] Mbunda language in Angola and Namibia is spoken without the TH sounds, like in the Luchazi language;[14] the words above are pronounced as "Mutzitzime" (shadow), "chizalo" (cloth), "Kutsa" (death). Even within Zambia, the Mbunda language spoken by the Chiyengele group that migrated earlier is different from that spoken by the Mbunda group that fled into Zambia as a consequence of the Mbunda-Portuguese war of 1914. That is why the Mbunda language of the Chiyengele group, mainly found in Mongu, is nicknamed "Shamuka"[clarification needed],[15] heavily influenced by Lozi language. The same term can be attributed to the Mbunda language in Namibia, which is heavily influenced by the Nyemba and Luchazi languages.
Numerical counting in Mbunda follows the usual numerals but in Mbunda words. Fill ups are easily made using small numerals.
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1 - Chimo. 2 - Vivali. 3 - Vitatu. 4 - Viwana. 5 - Vitanu. 6 - Vitanu na chimo. 7 - Vitanu na vivali. 8 - Vitanu na vitatu. 9 - Vitanu na viwana. 10 - Likumi. 11 - Likumi na chimo. 20 - Makumi avali. 22 - Makumi avali na vivali. 30 - Makumi atatu. 33 - Makumi atatu na vitatu. 40 - Makumi awana. 44 - Makumi awana na viwana. 50 - Makumi atanu. 55 - Makumi atatu na vitanu. 60 - Makumi atanu na limo. 66 - Makumi atanu na limo na vitanu na chimo. 70 - Makumi atanu na avali. 77 - Makumi atanu na avali na vitanu na vivali. 80 - Makumi atanu na atatu. 88 - Makumi atanu na atatu na vitanu na vitatu. 90 - Makumi atanu na awana. 99 - Makumi atanu na awana na vitanu na viwana. 100 - Chiita. 101 - Chiita na kamo. 110 - Chiita na likumi. 111 - Chiita na likumi na kamo. 152 - Chiita na makumi atanu na tuvali. 163 - Chiita na makumi atanu na limo na tutanu. 174 - Chiita na makumi atanu na availi na tuwana. 185 - Chiita na makumi atanu na atatu na tutanu. 186 - Chiita na makumi atanu na atatu na tutanu na kamo. 197 - Chiita na makumi atanu na awana na tutanu na tuvali. 200 - Viita vivali.
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201 - Viita vivali na kamo. 300 - Viita vitatu. 400 - Viita viwana. 500 - Viita vitanu. 600 - Viita vitanu na chimo. 700 - Viita vitanu na vivali. 800 - Viita vitanu na vitatu. 900 - Viita vitanu na viwana. 1,000 - Likulukathzi. 1,111 - Likulukathzi na chiita na likumi na kamo. 2,000 - Makulukathzi avali. 3,000 - Makulukathzi atatu. 4,000 - Makulukathzi awana. 5,000 - Makulukathzi atanu. 6,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na limo. 7,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na avali. 8,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na atatu. 9,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na awana. 10,000 - Likumi lya makulukathzi. 11,111 - likumi lya makulukathzi na likulukathzi na chiita na likumi na kamo. 20,000 - Makumi avali amakulukathzi. 30,000 - Makumi atatu amakulukathzi. 40,000 - Makumi awana amakulukathzi. 50,000 - Makumi atanu amakulukathzi. 60,000 - Makumi atanu na limo amakulukathzi. 70,000 - Makumi atanu na avali amakulukathzi. 80,000 - makumi atanu na atatu amakulukathzi. 90,000 - makumi atanu na awana amakulukathzi. 100,000 - chiita cha makulukathzi. 200,000 - viita vivali vya makulukathzi. 300,000 - viita vitatu vya makulukathzi. 400,000 - viita viwana vya makulukathzi. 500,000 - viita vitanu vya makulukathzi. 600,000 - viita vitanu na chimo vya makulikathzi. 700,000 - viita vitanu na vivali vya makulukathzi. 800,000 - viita vitanu na vitatu vya makulukathzi. 900,000 - viita vitanu na viwana vya makulukathzi. 1,000,000 - likulukathzi lya makulukathzi.
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Mbunda names are many; listed are the ones commonly used.[16] They can be given either to a male or female, except a very few that are for females only and have been indicated here by (f). Some Mbunda names are similar to those of other nationalities which also have their roots in the Luba Kingdom, such as Kaunda, Katongo, Kavanda, Mulenga, Muvanga, Mwila, Kavunda, Kalunga, Muti, Chiinga, Kavalata, Chiti, Nkonde and others. Also similar to Mbunda names are Chipoya, Chipango, Musole, Kayata, Ngambo, Kawengo, Kapisa and Musumali, found in other ethnic groups which trace their origins to Mwantiyavwa the king of the Ruund. These similarities give further evidence that Mbunda people interacted with the Kingdom of Lunda and Kingdom of Luba,[17] in the 15th century. The commonly used Mbunda names are as follows:
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14°06′44″S 21°26′07″E / 14.11222°S 21.43528°E / -14.11222; 21.43528
