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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Murex
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Apertural view of the shell of Venus comb murex , Murex pecten , anterior end towards the bottom of the page
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Neogastropoda
Family:
Muricidae
Subfamily:
Muricinae
Genus:
Murex Linnaeus , 1758
Type species
Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms [1]
Acupurpura Jousseaume , 1880
Aranea Perry , 1810Invalid: junior homonym of Aranea Linnaeus , 1758 [Arachnida] )
Murex (Murex) Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation
Murex (Promurex) Ponder & Vokes, 1988 · accepted, alternate representation
Murex (Tubicauda) Jousseaume, 1880 junior subjective synonym
† Muricites Schlotheim, 1820 (Invalid under Art. 20: name established for fossils, formed by adding the suffix -ites to the genus name Murex.)
Tubicauda Jousseaume , 1880
Murex genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails . These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae , commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".[1]
The common name murex is still used for many species in the family Muricidae which were originally given the Latin generic name Murex in the past, but have more recently been regrouped into different newer genera.
The word murex was used by Aristotle in reference to these kinds of snails,[citation needed thus making it one of the oldest classical seashell names still in use by the scientific community.
Fossil records [ edit ]
This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: from 125.45 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world. There are about 25 known extinct species.[2]
Murex altispira Fossil shell of Murex spinicosta from Pliocene of Italy
Distribution [ edit ]
Murex is solely an Indo-Pacific genus, as demonstrated by Ponder & Vokes (1988). The species from the western Atlantic that were formerly considered to belong to the genus Murex are now placed in the genus Haustellum [citation needed
Habitat [ edit ]
Most Murex species live in the intertidal or shallow subtidal zone, among rocks and corals.[citation needed
Shell description [ edit ]
This genus includes many showy members, their elongate shells highly sculptured with spines or fronds. The inner surfaces of their ornate shells are often brightly colored.[citation needed
Human use [ edit ]
Costly and labor-intensive dyes Tyrian purple (or "royal purple") and tekhelet were historically made by the ancient Phoenicians and Jews respectively, using mucus from the hypobranchial gland of two species commonly referred to as "murex", Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus , which are the older names for Bolinus brandaris Hexaplex trunculus [3] organobromine compound , which the snails make using a specific bromide peroxidase enzyme that operates on dissolved bromide in sea water.[4]
This dye was used in royal robes, other kinds of special ceremonial or ritual garments, or garments indicating high rank . It is hypothesised that the dye was the same dye as that which featured prominently in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, the clothing of the High Priest of Israel officiating there; it is sometimes still used by Jews today in the ritual fringes (tzitzit ) on four-cornered garments.[5]
The latest archeological research on dyes in Israel indicates that it was the Murex trunculus snail that was used for the famous tekhelet ancient dye (https://www.timesofisrael.com/linking-ancient-snails-to-an-israeli-flag-in-space-a-common-thread/ ).
Species [ edit ]
The genus Murex , as originally defined by Linnaeus , encompassed many taxa that are now placed elsewhere in the superfamily Muricoidea . During the 19th century, the definition of Murex was restricted by Lamarck and his contemporaries first to species in the family Muricidae, and then was limited even further to the subfamilies Muricinae and Ocenebrinae . Malacologists of the 19th century including Kiener , Reeve , Küster & Kobelt and Sowerby treated all muricoid forms as belonging to Murex . This is the main reason why Murex has so many synonyms.
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) lists the following species with accepted names within the genus Murex . The subgenera are considered alternate representations.[6]
Murex aduncospinosus G.B. Sowerby II, 1841 :[8]
Murex africanus Ponder & Vokes, 1988 [9]
Murex altispira Ponder & Vokes, 1988 [10] Caltrop murex
Murex antelmei Viader, 1938
† Murex bonneti Cossmann, 1903
Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822 Short-spined murex
† Murex camplytropis Tate, 1888
Murex carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881) [11] Carbonnier's murex
Murex concinnus Reeve, 1845 [12]
Murex coppingeri E. A. Smith, 1884 [13]
† Murex crassiliratus Tate, 1888
Murex djarianensis Martin, 1895
Murex echinodes Houart, 2011
Murex falsitribulus Ponder & Vokes, 1988 [15]
Murex forskoehlio Röding, 1798 [16]
† Murex grooti H. M. Jenkins, 1864
† Murex guppyi Ladd, 1977
† Murex halli d'Archiac & Haime, 1854
Murex huangi Houart, 2010
Murex hystricosus Houart & Dharma, 2001 [17]
Murex indicus Houart, 2011
† Murex irregularis Tate, 1888
Murex kerslakae [18]
† Murex lyelli d'Archiac & Haime, 1854 (accepted > unreplaced junior homonym)
Murex megapex [19]
† Murex minutus R. M. Johnston, 1880
† Murex nasongoensis Ladd, 1977
† Murex noae Holten, 1802
Murex occa G.B. Sowerby II, 1834 [20]
† Murex paradoxicus M. Jenkins, 1864
Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786 [21] Venus comb murex
Murex philippinensis Parth, 1994 [22]
Murex protocrassus Houart, 1990
Murex queenslandicus Ponder & Vokes, 1988 [23]
† Murex roemeri d'Archiac & Haime, 1854
Murex salomonensis Parth, 1994 [24]
Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817 [25] False venus comb , woodcock murex
Murex somalicus Parth, 1990 [26]
Murex spectabilis Ponder & Vokes, 1988 [27]
Murex spicatus Ponder & Vokes, 1988 [28]
Murex spinastreptos Houart, 2010
† Murex spinicosta Bronn, 1831
Murex surinamensis Okutani, 1982 [29]
Murex suttipraneeae Gra-tes, 2023
† Murex tchihatcheffi d'Archiac & Haime, 1854
Murex tenuirostrum Lamarck, 1822 [30]
Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822 [31]
Murex trapa Roding, 1798 [32] Rare-spined murex
Murex tribulus Linnaeus , 17581758 :[33] Caltrop murex
Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868 [34]
Species mentioned as species in current use in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database (OBIS)
Species brought into synonymy
Murex aedonius Watson, 1896:[36] Coralliophila aedonia
Murex afer Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Afer afer
Murex alocatus : synonym of Pterymarchia barclayana
Murex antillarum : Antilles murex : synonym of Siratus articulatus
Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945:[37] Chicoreus (Triplex) spectrum
Murex belcheri Hinds, 1843 : synonym of Forreria belcheri (Hinds, 1843)
Murex bellus Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vokesimurex bellus
Murex blakeanus Vokes, 1967 :[38] Vokesimurex blakeanus (Vokes, 1967)
Murex brandaris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Bolinus brandaris
Murex canaliculatus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Busycotypus canaliculatus
Murex capitellum Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Vasum capitellum
Murex corallinus Scacchi, 1836: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata
Murex corneus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Euthria cornea
Murex coronatus Born, 1778: synonym of Pseudovertagus aluco
Murex edwardsii :[39] Ocinebrina edwardsii
Murex garciai Petuch, 1987: synonym of Vokesimurex garciai
Murex gubbi Reeve, 1849:[40] Chicocenebra gubbi
Murex inconspicuus G.B. Sowerby II, 1841: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata
Murex intertextus Helbling, 1779:[41] Cumia reticulata
Murex jickelii Tapparone Canefri, 1875: synonym of Naquetia jickelii
Murex lindajoycae Petuch, 1987: synonym of Vokesimurex lindajoycae
Murex longicornis Dunker, 1864 : synonym of Chicoreus longicornis (Dunker, 1864)
Murex maroccensis Gmelin, 1791:[42] Fusinus maroccensis
Murex monodon Sowerby, 1825:[43] Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cornucervi
Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791:[44] Leucozonia nassa
Murex nebula Montagu, 1803 : synonym of Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803)
Murex peritus Hinds, 1844a:[45] Favartia (Favartia) perita
Murex pistacia Reeve, 1845: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata
Murex purpuroides Dunker:[46] Vaughtia purpuroides
Murex recurvirostris :[47] Vokesimurex recurvirostrum
Murex rota Sowerby:[48] Homalocantha anatomica
Murex rubidus :[49] Vokesimurex rubidus
Murex serratospinosus Dunker, 1883: synonym of Vokesimurex mindanaoensis
Murex subaciculatus Locard, 1886: synonym of Ocinebrina aciculata
Murex taxus Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Clavatula taxea
† Murex textilis Brocchi, 1814:[50] Rimosodaphnella textilis
Murex triqueter :[51] Naquetia triqueter (Born, 1778)
Murex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758:[52] Fasciolaria tulipa
Murex turbinellus Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Vasum turbinellus
Murex vittatus Broderip, 1833:[53] Favartia (Favartia) vittata
References [ edit ]
^ Fossilworks
^ Sukenik, Naama; Iluz, David; Amar, Zohar; Varvak, Alexander; Shamir, Orit; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2021). "Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)" . PLOS ONE . 16 1 ): e0245897. Bibcode :2021PLoSO..1645897S . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0245897 PMC 7842898 PMID 33507987 .
^ Jannun R., Nuwayhid N. and Coe E. (1981) Biological bromination – bromoperoxidase activity in the Murex sea-snail. FASEB. J. 40, 1774.
^ Tekhelet - Biblical Blue Dye for Tzitzit
^ WoRMS : Murex 23 December 2010
^ Murex acanthostephes Watson, 1883World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ ^Houart, R. (2009). Murex aduncospinosus Sowerby, 1841. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215644 on 2010-08-06
^ Murex africanus Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex altispira Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881)World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex concinnus Reeve, 1845World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex coppingeri E. A. Smith, 1884World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Houart, R. (2009). Murex djarianensis poppei Houart, 1979. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404977 on 2010-08-06
^ Murex falsitribulus Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex forskoehli Röding, 1798World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex hystricosus Houart & Dharma, 2001World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex kerslakae Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex megapex Neubert, 1998World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex occa Sowerby, 1834World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex philippinensis Parth, 1994World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex queenslandicus Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex salomonensis Parth, 1994World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex somalicus Parth, 1990World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex spectabilis Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex spicatus Ponder & Vokes, 1988World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex surinamensis Okutani, 1982World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex tenuirostrum Lamarck, 1822World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex trapa Roding, 1798World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database : Murex (Murex) singaporensis
^ Murex aedonius Watson, 1896World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex blakeanus Vokes, 1967World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex edwardsi World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex gubbi Reeve, 1849World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex intertextus Helbling, 1779World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex maroccensis Gmelin, 1791World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex monodon Sowerby, 1841World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex peritus Hinds, 1844aWorld Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex purpuroides DunkerWorld Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex recurvirostris World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex rota SowerbyWorld Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex rubidus World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex textilis Gabb, 1873World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex triqueter World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
^ Murex vittatus Broderip, 1833World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
Merle, D., Garrigues, B. & Pointier, J.-P. 2011. Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World, Part Muricinae. 648 pp., 182 colour plates, Hackenheim. ISBN 978-3-939767-32-9 .
Ponder, W.F. & E.H. Vokes. 1988. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific fossil and Recent species of Murex s.s. and Haustellum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). Records of the Australian Museum , Supplement 8. 160 pp.
External links [ edit ]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Murex .
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murex&oldid=1231963272 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● M u r e x ● M u r i c i n a e ● E x t a n t C r e t a c e o u s f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e s ● G a s t r o p o d g e n e r a ● T a x a n a m e d b y C a r l L i n n a e u s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a ● U s e d m y d a t e s f r o m S e p t e m b e r 2 0 2 1 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h ' s p e c i e s ' m i c r o f o r m a t s ● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m F e b r u a r y 2 0 2 1 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m S e p t e m b e r 2 0 2 1 ● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k i s o n W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s w i t h J 9 U i d e n t i f i e r s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 0 6 : 0 2 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
