| Palaestina III Salutaris Ἐπαρχία τρίτης Παλαιστίνης | |||||||||
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| Province of the Byzantine Empire, Diocese of the East | |||||||||
| c.300–636 | |||||||||
 Palaestina Salutaris within Diocese of the East, in 400 CE | |||||||||
| Capital | Petra | ||||||||
| Historical era | Late Antiquity | ||||||||
• Established | c.300 | ||||||||
| 612–628 | |||||||||
| 636 | |||||||||
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Palaestina SalutarisorPalaestina Tertia was a Byzantine (Eastern Roman) province, which covered the area of the Negev, Sinai (except the north-western coast) and south-west of Transjordan, south of the Dead Sea. The province, a part of the Diocese of the East, was split from Arabia Petraea during the reforms of Diocletian in c.300 CE[1] and existed until the Muslim Arab conquests of the 7th century.
In 106, the territories east of Damascus and south to the Red Sea were annexed from the Nabataean Kingdom and reformed into the province of Arabia with capitals Petra and Bostra (north and south). The province was enlarged by Septimius Severus in 195, and is believed to have split into two provinces: Arabia MinororArabia Petraea and Arabia Maior, both subject to imperial legates ranking as consularis, each with a legion.[citation needed]
By the 3rd century, the Nabataeans had stopped writing in Aramaic and begun writing in Greek instead, and by the 4th century they had partially converted to Christianity, a process completed in the 5th century.[2]
Petra declined rapidly under late Roman rule, in large part from the revision of sea-based trade routes. In 363 an earthquake destroyed many buildings and crippled the vital water management system.[3]
The area became organized under the late Roman Empire as part of the Diocese of the East (314), in which it was included together with the provinces of Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus (until 536), Euphratensis, Mesopotamia, Osroene, Phoenice and Arabia Petraea.
Byzantine rule in the 4th century introduced Christianity to the population.[4]: 459 Agricultural-based cities were established, and the population grew exponentially.[4]: 459 Under Byzantium (since 390), a new subdivision further split the province of Cilicia into Cilicia Prima, Cilicia Secunda; Syria Palaestina was split into Syria Prima, Syria Salutaris, Phoenice Lebanensis, Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda and eventually also Palaestina Salutaris (in the 6th century).
Palaestina Tertia included the Negev, southern Transjordan, once part of Arabia Petraea, and most of Sinai. Petra was the usual residence of the governor and Metropolitan Archbishopric. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.[4]: 8 [5] According to historian H. H. Ben-Sasson,[6]: 351
The Muslim Arabs found the remnants of the Nabataeans of Transjordan and the Negev transformed into peasants. Their lands were divided between the new Qahtanite Arab tribal kingdoms of the Byzantine vassals, the Ghassanid Arabs and the Himyarite vassals, the Kinda Arab Kingdom in North Arabia, forming parts of the Bilad al-Sham province.
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Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces (4th–7th centuries AD)
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