| Pidjanan | |
|---|---|
| Rio Branco, Mapidianic, Wapishanan | |
| Geographic distribution | Brazil, Guyana, Suriname |
| Linguistic classification | Arawakan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | mapi1253 |
The Pidjanan languages are a subgroup of Arawakan languages of northern South America.
The term Pidjanan was coined by Sérgio Meira (2019) from Wapishana pidan ‘people’, as can be seen in the ethnonyms Wa-pishana and Mao-pidian.[2]
They are referred to as MapidianicinGlottolog 4.3, and as Rio Branco by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270).[3]
According to Meira (2019), the Pidjanan languages are:[2]
Wapishana is more conservative, while Mawayana has innovated more from Proto-Pidjanan.[2]
Ramirez's (2020) classification is:[1]: 36
Parawana and Aroaqui are closely related, and may be the same language.[1]
| Proto-Pidjanan | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Pidjanan languages |
Reconstructed | |
Proto-Pidjanan has been reconstructed by Meira (2019).[2]
Proto-Pidjanan consonant phonemes:
| *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | ||
| *ɓ | *ɗ | *ɗʲ | |||
| *ʦ,*ʧ | |||||
| *s | *ʐ | ||||
| *ɾ | *ɽ | ||||
| *m | *n | *ɲ | |||
| *w | (*j) |
Proto-Pidjanan vowel phonemes:
| *i | *ɨ | *u |
| *a |
Proto-Pidjanan person-marking prefixes:
| pronoun | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1S | *nu- | n- | ũ- |
| 2S | *pɨ- | ɨ- | pɨ- |
| 3S.MASC | *(ɾ)ɨ- | ɾɨ- | ɨ- |
| 3S.FEM | *(ɾ)u- | u- | u- |
| 3S.COREF | *pa- | a- | pa- |
| 1P | *wa- | wa- | wa- |
| 2P | *ɨ- | ɨ- | pɨ- |
| 3P | *nV- | na- | -ĩ |
Proto-Pidjanan person-marking suffixes:
| pronoun | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1S | *-na | -na | -n, -na |
| 2S | *-pV | -i | -p, -pa |
| 3S.MASC | *-(ɽ)ɨ | -sɨ | -ʐɨ |
| 3S.FEM | *-(ɽ)u | -ʐu | |
| 1P | *-wi | -wi | |
| 2P | *-wiko | -wiko | |
| 3P | *-nu | -nu | -ʐɨ |
The functions of person markers (verbs in the -ɲɨ ‘realis’/‘present’ form).
| personal marker function | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana |
|---|---|---|---|
| A and O on transitives | *nu-ɾuʔita-ɲɨ-ɽɨ ‘I hit him’ | n-ɾite-sɨ | ũ-ʐuʔita-nɨ-ʐɨ |
| SA on active intransitives | *(ɾ)ɨ-siʔuka-ɲɨ ‘he walks’ | ɾɨ-suke | ɨ-ʧiʔika-n |
| SO on stative intransitives | *wɨɽa(-ɲɨ)-ɽɨ ‘he is red’ | usa-sɨ | ɨ-wɨʐa(-n) |
| arguments on adpositions | *(ɾ)ɨ-(i)tɨma ‘with him’ | ɾi-ʃima | ɨ-tɨma |
| possessors on nouns | *nu-kɨnɨ ‘my song’ | n-kɨnɨ | ũ-kɨnɨ |
Nominal possession possessed and non-possessed forms.
| possession marker | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | Wapishana |
|---|---|---|---|
| Possession marker | *-nɨ (e.g., *wa-maɾija-nɨ ‘our knife’) | wa-maɾe-nɨ | wa-marija-n |
| Possession marker zero | *(ɾ)ɨ-ʦaɓa ‘his seat’ | ɾiʔ-isaɓa | ɨ-taɓa |
| Non-possessed status | *(i)ʦaɓa-i ‘seat’ | isaɓe | taɓa-i |
Unless indicated otherwise, the Mawayana and Wapishana data below is from Sérgio Meira's field notes, as cited in Meira (2019).
Meira's Mawayana data is from Marurunau, Guyana, and his Wapishana data is from Mapuera (a village that is mostly ethnic Waiwai), Nhamundá-Mapuera Indigenous Area, Pará State, Brazil. The other sources are:
| no. | gloss | Proto-Pidjanan | Mawayana | source (Mawayana) | Wapishana | source (Wapishana) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | açaí palm | *waɓu | waɓu | waɓu | WLP (2000) | |
| 2 | acouchy | *aɗuɾi | aɗuɾi | aɗuɾi | WLP (2000) | |
| 3 | ant sp. | *kuki | kuki ‘saúva’ | kuki ‘leafcutter ant’ | ||
| 4 | armadillo sp. | *mVɾuɾV ? | muɾuɾa ‘armadillo sp.’ | maɾuɾu ‘giant armadillo’ | ||
| 5 | armpit | *kisapu | ɾɨ-keːsu | ɨ-kiʃapu | ||
| 6 | as (essive) | *niː | ni ‘(change) into’ | Carlin (2006) | niː ‘future’, ‘essive’ | |
| 7 | bacaba palm | *mapɨɽɨ | mɨsɨ | mapɨʐa | WLP (2000) | |
| 8 | banana | *sɨːɽɨ | sɨsɨɓa | sɨːʐɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 9 | bat | *tamaɾɨwa | tamaɾɨwa | tamaɾɨu | WLP (2000) | |
| 10 | bathe (to) | *kawa | kaw-e | Carlin (no date) | ũ-kau-pa-n | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) |
| 11 | beads | *kasuɾuː | kasuɾu | kaʃuɾuː | WLP (2000) | |
| 12 | bee / honey | *maːɓa | maɓa | maːɓa | ||
| 13 | belt | *ɽantawɨ | ɨ-ɾantawɨɗa | ʐaːɗawi | WLP (2000) | |
| 14 | bird | *kutɨʔɨɽa | kuʧɨsa | kutɨʔɨʐa | ||
| 15 | bird sp. 1 | *anaɾau | anaɾu ‘socó (heron sp.)’ | anaɾau ‘marrecão (duck sp.)’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 16 | bird sp. 2 | *ma(ɾ)atɨ | maːtɨ ‘jacu bird’ | maɾatɨ ‘unidentified bird’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 17 | bird sp. 3 | *kaɾapa | kaɾahpaɗa ‘arahka’ | Carlin (no date) | kaɾapa ‘aracuã’ | WLP (2001) |
| 18 | bite (to) | *a(ɾ)uːta | ɾ-autʃa-na ‘he bit me’ | Carlin (2006) | aɾuːta-n | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) |
| 19 | black | *puɗɨ | uɗɨ-ɾe | puɗɨ-ʔu | WLP (2000) | |
| 20 | blow (to) | *puːta | ɾ-uʧ-e | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-puːta-n | WLP (2000) |
| 21 | Brazil nut | *minaɨ | minɨ ‘peanut’, ‘Brazil nut’ | minaɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 22 | breast | *ɗɨɲɨ | ɾiː-ɗɨ | ɨ-ɗɨnɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 23 | buriti palm | *ɗʲɨwɨ | jɨwɨ ‘buriti’ | ɗʲɨwɨ ‘ité fruit’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 24 | burn (to) | *kaʔawa | kaw-e ‘burn (intr.)’ | kaʔawa-n ‘burn (intr.)’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 25 | butterfly | *ʦamaʦama | samasama | tamtam | WLP (2000) | |
| 26 | caiman sp. | *atuɾɨ | aʧuɾɨ | atuɾɨ ‘small caiman’ | ||
| 27 | cajá fruit | *ɽuːɓa | ɾuɓa | ʐuːp | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 28 | canoe | *kanawa | kanawa | kanawa | WLP (2000) | |
| 29 | capybara | *kasu | kasu | kaʃu | WLP (2000) | |
| 30 | child | *kuɾai- | kuɾenu | kuɾaiɗaunaː | ||
| 31 | child / egg | *ɗaɲi | ɾiː-ɗe, ɾiː-ɗesi | ɨ-ɗani | ||
| 32 | cicada | *wamu | womu | wamu | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 33 | claw / nail | *ɓaɗʲi | ɾɨ-ɓaɗʲi | ɨ-ɓaʐi | WLP (2000) | |
| 34 | coati | *kuaɗjɨ | kaɗɨ | kuaʧi | WLP (2000) | |
| 35 | cockroach | *ɓasaɾawa | ɓasaɾawa | ɓaʃaɾau | WLP (2000) | |
| 36 | comb | *mauCi | mutiɓa | maudi | WLP (2000) | |
| 37 | corn | *maɽiki | maɾiki | maʐiki | WLP (2000) | |
| 38 | curassow | *pawisi | awisi | pawiʃi | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 39 | deer sp. | *kusaɾa | kusaɾa ‘deer, small’ | kuʃaɾa ‘deer, bush’ | ||
| 40 | die (to) | *mawa- | maw-ɗa | mawa-ka, mau-ka-n | WLP (2000) | |
| 41 | dry | *maːɾa | maɾa-ɓa-sɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | maːɾa-n | WLP (2000) |
| 42 | eagle sp. | *kuku- | kukuɗa ‘hawk sp.’ | kukui ‘harpy eagle’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 43 | earthworm | *paɽaɾu | aɾaɾu | paʐaɾu | WLP (2000) | |
| 44 | eat (to) | *ɲika | ɾ-ĩka | pɨ-nika | WLP (2000) | |
| 45 | elbow | *patuɾi | ɾiː-ɸaʧuɾi | ɨ-patuɾi | WLP (2000) | |
| 46 | electric eel | *kaʦumi | katumi | kasumi | WLP (2000) | |
| 47 | fan | *awaɾiba | wiɾiɓe, n-wiɾiɓa | awaɾiɓa-i | WLP (2000) | |
| 48 | father | *Ca | ɾɨ-ta | ɨ-daɾɨ | ||
| 49 | fire | *tikaɽi | ʃikaɾi | tikaʐi | ||
| 50 | fish | *kupaɨ | kuwɨ | kupaɨ | ||
| 51 | fish sp. 1 | *ɽiːta | ɾiʧe ‘traíra’ | ʐiːtaɓa ‘fish sp.’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 52 | fish sp. 2 | *aʧimaɾa | atimaɾa ‘trairão’ | aʧimaɾa ‘fish sp.’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 53 | fish sp. 3 | *kuɾɨɽɨ | kuɾɨsɨ ‘surubim’ | kuɾɨʐɨ ‘surubim’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 54 | flat area | *ɗaːɾa | ɗaɾa ‘grass(land)’ | ɗaːɾa ‘a flat barrier’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 55 | flower | *sɨwɨ | ɾɨ-sɨwɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-suːsu | WLP (2000) |
| 56 | from | *(ɾ)iki | aʔu-ɾiki ‘from there’ | Carlin (2006) | iki | WLP (2000) |
| 57 | fruit | *(a)ka | ɾɨ-ka | ɨ-aka | WLP (2000) | |
| 58 | give (to) | *taː | ɾɨ-ʧ-e-sɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-taː-n | |
| 59 | grandmother | *(ʃ)Vːɽu ? | wa-ʃuɾu | ɨʔ- ɨːʐu | WLP (2000) | |
| 60 | hair | *iCi | ɾ-iʃiɾama | ɨ-iʃi | WLP (2000) | |
| 61 | hand | *kaʔɨ | ɾɨ-kɨɓa | ɨ-kaʔɨ | ||
| 62 | heart | *ɲɨkɨɲɨja | ɾiːʔ-ĩkĩjã | ɨ-ɲɨkɨnɨː | WLP (2000) | |
| 63 | hit (to) | *ɽuʔita | ɾita-ka-nu ‘hit each other’ | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨ-ʐuʔita-n ‘he hit’ | WLP (2000) |
| 64 | house | *paɲi- | aĩku | paniɓa ‘outside’, paniːnum ‘entrance, door, doorway’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 65 | I | *nnu | nnu | ũɡaɾɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 66 | if / when | *ana | ana | Carlin (2006) | ana | WLP (2000) |
| 67 | iguana | *suwana | suwanaɗa | suwan | WLP (2000) | |
| 68 | inajá palm | *puk- ? | ukatɨ ‘inajá’ | pukuɾidi ‘kokorite palm’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 69 | ingá tree | *kuɾami | kuɾami ‘ingá’ | kuɾami ‘ingá do mato’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 70 | intestines | *ukuɾi(ɾi) | ɾ-ukuɾiɾi | ɨ-ukuɾi | ||
| 71 | knee | *kuɗuɾu | ɾiː-kuɗuɾu | ɨ-kuɗuɾu | ||
| 72 | knife | *maɾija | maɾe | maɾiː, ɨ-maɾija-n | ||
| 73 | language | *paɾa | ɾiːʔ-aɾa | ɨ-paɾada-n | WLP (2000) | |
| 74 | leaf | *anaɓa | ɾ-anaɓa | ɨ-anaɓa | WLP (2000) | |
| 75 | left hand | *asVɓa- | asuɓaɗʲanu ‘right hand’ | Howard (1985-1986) | aʃaɓaɾu | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) |
| 76 | leg / shin | *(i)taɓa | ɾiː-ʃaɓa ‘leg, shin’ | ɨ-taɓaʔu ‘leg’ | ||
| 77 | louse | *nnai | nni | nai | ||
| 78 | macaw sp. | *(k)aɽaɾu | aɾaɾu ‘yellow macaw’ | kaʐaɾɨ ‘yellow macaw’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 79 | manioc | *kaɲɨɽɨ | kaːsɨ, kãːsɨ | kanɨʐɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 80 | manioc press | *(ɲ)iːɽu- ? | isune | niːʐu | WLP (2000) | |
| 81 | meat food | *wɨɲɨ | wĩ, ɾɨ-wɨnɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | wɨnɨ-i, ɨ-wɨnɨ | WLP (2000) |
| 82 | medicine | *-ʦaɾa | ɾɨ-ɨtaɾa | ɨ-kasaɾa | WLP (2000) | |
| 83 | monkey sp. 1 | *ɾuːmu | ɾumu ‘spider monkey’ | ɾuːmi ‘spider monkey’ | ||
| 84 | monkey sp. 2 | *ʦɨɓɨɾɨ | tɨɓɨɾɨ ‘howler monkey’ | sɨɓɨɾɨ ‘howler monkey’ | ||
| 85 | monkey sp. 3 | *puwatɨ | otʃɨ ‘capuchin monkey’ | puwatɨ ‘capuchin monkey’ | ||
| 86 | monkey sp. 4 | *(i)ʧaɨmaː | ʧɨma ‘tamarin monkey’ | ʧaɨmaː ‘black tamarin’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 87 | moon | *kaɨɽɨ | kɨsɨ | kaɨʐɨ | ||
| 88 | mosquito sp. | *miʦu | mitu | misu | ||
| 89 | mother | *Caɾu | ɾiː-taɾu | ɨ-daɾu | ||
| 90 | murumuru | *ɓɨɾɨ | ɓɨɾɨ ‘murumuru palm’ | ɓɨɾɨ ‘palm (unidentified)’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 91 | nose | *(i)ɗiɓa | ɾɨ-tiɓa | ɨ-iɗiɓa | ||
| 92 | old man | *tɨɲa(u)ɾɨnau | tauɾɨnu | tɨnaɾɨnau | ||
| 93 | opossum sp. | *waːʦa | wata ‘opossum sp.’ | waːsa ‘opossum, woolly’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 94 | other | *ɓaʔuɾVnu | ɓuɾunu | Howard (1985-1986) | ɓaʔuɾan, ɓaʔuɾanɨ-aɓa | WLP (2000) |
| 95 | papaya | *maʔapaja | maɓaja | maʔapai | WLP (2000) | |
| 96 | parrot sp. | *waɾu | waɾu | waɾu | WLP (2000) | |
| 97 | partner | *miɲa- ? | ɾiː-meːɾawa | ɨ-minaɨɗaʔɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 98 | path | *ɗɨnapu | ɗɨnu | ɗɨnapu | WLP (2000) | |
| 99 | payment | *winipa | ɾi-wina | ɨ-winipa | WLP (2000) | |
| 100 | peccary sp. 1 | *ɓakɨɾa | ɓakɨɾa ‘collared peccary’ | ɓakɨɾɨ ‘collared peccary’ | ||
| 101 | peccary sp. 2 | *Ciʧa | ɾita ‘white-lipped peccary’ | ɓiʧa, ɓiʧi ‘white-lipped peccary’ | ||
| 102 | person | *piɗaɲa | ɗʲe, ɗʲeː | piɗan, piɗana-n | WLP (2000) | |
| 103 | pet | *ɨɽa | ɾ-ɨsa | Howard (1985-1986) | ɨʔ-ɨʐa | WLP (2000) |
| 104 | red | *wɨɽa | usa-sɨ | wɨʐa-ʔu | WLP (2000) | |
| 105 | rib | *aɾaɗɨ(ɗɨ) | ɾiːʔ-aɾaɗɨ | ɨ-aɾaɗɨɗɨ, ɨ-aɾaɗɨʔɨ | ||
| 106 | rope | *iɲuʔi | jũwi | inuʔi, inuɓi ‘hammock rope’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 107 | salt | *ɗɨwɨ | ɗɨwɨ | ɗɨwɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 108 | sand | *kaːtɨ | kaʧɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | kaːtɨ | WLP (2000) |
| 109 | seat | *(i)ʦaba | isaɓe, ɾiːʔ-isaɓa | taɓa-i, ɨ-taɓa | WLP (2000) | |
| 110 | see (to) | *tVka | ɾi-ʧika | ɨ- tɨka-pa-n | ||
| 111 | shaman | *maɾɨnawɨ | maɾɨnawɨ | maɾɨnau | WLP (2000) | |
| 112 | shoulder / arm | *(i)ʦawaɗa | ɾiː-sawaɗa ‘arm’ | ɨ- tawaɗa ‘shoulder’ | ||
| 113 | sieve | *manaɾɨ | manaɾɨ | manaɾɨ ‘cassava sifter’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 114 | skin / bark | *maɗa | ɾiː-maɗa | ɨ-maɗa | WLP (2000) | |
| 115 | sky | *Vkaɽi | ɨkaɾi | aukaʐi | ||
| 116 | sloth sp. | *awɨ | awɨ | awɨ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 117 | small | *suɗi ? | ʃiɗʲiɗʲa-ɾe ‘small, narrow’ | Howard (1985-1986) | suɗi | |
| 118 | smoke | *isa- | ise-sɨ | Howard (1985-1986) | iʃa-n ‘cloud’ | |
| 119 | song | *kɨnɨ | kɨni, ɾiː-kɨnɨ | kɨnɨ-i, ɨ-kɨnɨ | W5 | |
| 120 | spider | *(s)uːwa | uwaɓa | suːwa | ||
| 121 | stone | *kɨɓa | kɨɓa | kɨɓa | ||
| 122 | sun | *kamuː | kamu | kamuː | ||
| 123 | sweet potato | *kaCɨɽɨː | katɨ | kaːʐɨː | WLP (2000) | |
| 124 | tapir | *kuɗui | kuɗi | kuɗui | ||
| 125 | tell (to) | *kɨwaːɗa | ɾɨ-kɨwaɗ-e-sɨ ‘he tells it’ | kuwaːɗa-n ‘tell’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 126 | termite | *maɽi | maɾiɓa | maʐi | WLP (2000) | |
| 127 | thin | *miCa- | metaɗa | Howard (1985-1986) | miɗaʔɨ | WLP (2000) |
| 128 | thornbush | *Cawɨɽɨ | tawɨsɨ | kawɨʐɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 129 | throat | *kuɾukuɾu | ɾiː-kuɾukuɾu | kuɾukuɾu-n ‘larynx’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 130 | tick | *kuCVCVɓa | kunuriɓa | kuɾinaɓa | ||
| 131 | timbó liana | *uku | uku ‘timbó liana’ | uku ‘poison for fish’ | ||
| 132 | tinamou sp. | *mami | mami ‘tinamou sp.’ | mami ‘bird sp.’ | Silva, Silva & Oliveira (2013) | |
| 133 | toad sp. | *tuɾuɾuɓa | tʃuɾuɾuɓa | tuɾuɾuɓa | WLP (2000) | |
| 134 | tobacco | *ʦuma | tuma | suːma | ||
| 135 | tongue | *ɲiɲuɓa | ɾɨ-jũjũɓa | ɨ-ninuɓa | ||
| 136 | tortoise | *wɨɾV | uːɾɨ | wɨɾaɗa | ||
| 137 | toucan sp. | *ʧaːkui | takwe ‘toucan sp.’ | ʧaːkui ‘toucan sp.’ | ||
| 138 | tree / wood | *atamɨna | aʧamɨna | atamɨn, atamɨnɨ | ||
| 139 | tree trunk | *kaɗɨ- | ɾɨ-kaɗɨ | ɨ-kaɗɨnaː | WLP (2000) | |
| 140 | trumpeter | *namVʧɨ | namɨtɨ ‘jacamim’ | namaʧi ‘gray trumpeter’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 141 | tucumã palm | *sawaɾa | sawaɾa ‘tucumã’ | ʃawaɾaɨ ‘unidentified palm’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 142 | vulture sp. | *kuɾumu | kuɾumu ‘vulture sp.’ | kuɾɨm ‘bird sp.’ | WLP (2000) | |
| 143 | walk | *siʔuka ? | ɾu-suka | tʃiʔika-n | WLP (2000) | |
| 144 | water | *wɨnɨ | unɨ, uːnɨ | wɨnɨ | ||
| 145 | we | *waɨnau | weʔawɨnu | waɨnau | WLP (2000) | |
| 146 | what / who | *ka | ka | kan, kanum | WLP (2000) | |
| 147 | wind | *awaɾɨ | awaɾɨ | awaɾɨ | WLP (2000) | |
| 148 | with | *(i)tɨma | ri-ʃima | ɨ-tɨma | WLP (2000) | |
| 149 | woman | *ɽɨna | ɾɨnaɾu | ʐɨna |
100-word Swadesh list for Mawayana and Wapishana:[2]
| no. | gloss | Mawayana | Wapishana |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | nnu | ũgaɾɨ |
| 2 | you (sg.) | i | pɨgaɾɨ |
| 3 | we (incl.) | weʔawɨnu | waɨnau |
| 4 | this | tiʔa | wɨɾɨʔɨ |
| 5 | that | aɾu | wɨɾɨʔɨ |
| 6 | who | ka | kanum |
| 7 | what | ka | kanum |
| 8 | not | ʧika, ma-sɨ | aunaː |
| 9 | all | meke-nu | ipai |
| 10 | many | ɾea-nu | iɾiɓa-ʔu |
| 11 | one | aɓõ(i)ja | ɓaɨɗaʔapa |
| 12 | two | aɗaka | ɗʲaʔɨtam |
| 13 | big | tawɾe-ɾe | ɨɗaɾɨ-ʔu |
| 14 | long | kɨʔu-ɾe | ʐaʔaɓaʔɨ |
| 15 | small | ʃiɗʲiɗʲa-ɾe | soɗi |
| 16 | woman | ɾɨnaɾu | ʐɨna |
| 17 | man | asɨna | ɗaunajuɾa |
| 18 | person | ɗʲe | piɗan |
| 19 | fish | kuwɨ | kupaɨ |
| 20 | bird | kuʧɨsa | kutɨʔɨʐa |
| 21 | dog | jimaɗa | aɾimaɾaka |
| 22 | louse | Nni | nai |
| 23 | tree | itiɓaɾi | atamɨn |
| 24 | seed | ɾɨ-su | ɨ-ɨːɗa |
| 25 | leaf | ɾ-anaɓa | ɨ-anaɓa |
| 26 | root | ɾɨ-ʧaɓaɗa | ɨ-iʃitaɓaʔu |
| 27 | bark | ɾiː-maɗa | ɨ-maɗa |
| 28 | skin | ɾiː-maɗa | ɨ-maɗa |
| 29 | meat | wĩ | wɨnɨ-i |
| 30 | blood | ɾiː-sɨkɨwɨɗa | iʐa-i |
| 31 | bone | ɾiː-kɨɓɨ | ɨ-niwaʔɨʐi |
| 32 | grease | ɾiti | kiwin-iː |
| 33 | egg | ɾiː-ɗe | ɨ-ɗani |
| 34 | horn | ɾ-õʃĩɗa | ɨ-uʐuː |
| 35 | tail | ɾɨ-tuna | ɗʲɨu |
| 36 | feather | ɾ-iʃiɓa | kɨtɨɓa |
| 37 | hair | ɾ-iʃiɾama | ɨ-iʃi |
| 38 | head | ɾɨ-kɨwɨ | ɨ-ʐuwaɨ |
| 39 | ear | ɾiː-siɗʲa | ɨ-tain |
| 40 | eye | ɾ-oso | ɨ-awɨn |
| 41 | nose | ɾɨ-tiɓa | ɨ-iɗiɓa |
| 42 | mouth | ɾ-umiɗʲa | ɨ-ɗaku |
| 43 | tooth | ɾɨ-ʔu | ɨ-ɨɗaku |
| 44 | tongue | ɾ-ĩjũjũɓa | ɨ-ninuɓa |
| 45 | claw | ɾɨ-ɓaɗʲi | ɨ-ɓaʐi |
| 46 | foot | ɾɨ-ɾuɓa | ɨ-kidiɓa |
| 47 | knee | ɾiː-kuɗuɾu | ɨ-kuɗuɾu |
| 48 | hand | ɾɨ-kɨɓa | ɨ-kaʔɨ |
| 49 | belly | ɾ-ijika | ɨ-tuɓa |
| 50 | neck | ɾiː-ɾewɨ | ɨ-kanaɨ |
| 51 | breast | ɾiː-ɗɨ | ɨ-ɗɨnɨ |
| 52 | heart | ɾiːʔ-ĩkĩjã | ɨ-ɲɨkɨnɨː |
| 53 | liver | ɾɨ-ʃuɓa | ɨ-kɨɓaː |
| 54 | drink | kuɾa-sɨ | ɨ-tɨʐa-n |
| 55 | eat | ɾ-ĩka | ɨ-nɨka-n |
| 56 | bite | awʧa-sɨ | ɨ-aɾuta-n |
| 57 | see | ɾɨ-ʧika-sɨ | ɨ-tɨka-pa-n |
| 58 | hear | ɾɨ-kɨmɨd-e-sɨ | ɨ-abata-n |
| 59 | know | ɾɨ-ɾud-e-sɨ | ɨ-aitapa-n |
| 60 | sleep | a-tũwa | ɨ-daʔawɨ-n |
| 61 | die | mawɗa | ɨ-mau-ka-n |
| 62 | kill | ɾu-kuɗa | ɨ-ʐuwia-n |
| 63 | swim | ʧokwa-sɨ | ɨ-nɨota-n |
| 64 | fly | maɾ-e-sɨ | ɨ-ʐɨʔɨta-n |
| 65 | walk | ɾu-suka | ɨ-ʧiʔika-n |
| 66 | come | jaɗ-e | ɨ-waʔati-n |
| 67 | lie | ʧukuɗ-e-sɨ | ɨ-waʃatina-n |
| 68 | sit | itaɗ-e-sɨ | ɨ-sakanata-n |
| 69 | stand | kaʧɨmɨʧ-e-sɨ | ɨ-kadiʃita-n |
| 70 | give | rɨ-ʧ-e-sɨ | ɨ-taː-n |
| 71 | say | ɾɨ-m-e | ɨ-kia-n |
| 72 | sun | kamu | kamuː |
| 73 | moon | kɨsɨ | kaɨʐɨ |
| 74 | star | siwaɾu | wiʐi |
| 75 | water | u(ː)nɨ | wɨnɨ |
| 76 | rain | u(ː)nɨ | wɨnɨ |
| 77 | stone | kɨɓa | kɨɓa |
| 78 | sand | kaʧɨ | kaːtɨ |
| 79 | earth | ʃimaɾi | imiʔi |
| 80 | cloud | ekaɾi ɾita-ɾe | iʃaʔɨʐi |
| 81 | smoke | isesɨ | tikaʐi ʃan |
| 82 | fire | ʃikaɾi | tikaʐi |
| 83 | ash | ʃikaɾuɓa | paɾitiɓi |
| 84 | burn (intr.) | kaw-e | ɨ-kaʔawa-n |
| 85 | path | ɗɨnu | ɗɨnapu |
| 86 | mountain | ɾɨnɨ | miɗɨkɨu |
| 87 | red | usa-sɨ | wɨʐa-ʔu |
| 88 | green | ʧɨha-ɾe | kuʔuɾi-ʔu |
| 89 | yellow | ʧɨha-ɾe | upaɾita-ʔu |
| 90 | white | kɨse-ɾe | ɓaɾaka-ʔu |
| 91 | black | uɗɨ-ɾe | puɗɨ-ʔu |
| 92 | night | tɨɓokoʔa | aiwakaʔan |
| 93 | hot | ɗʲiʧa-sɨ | wi(ː)ʧa-ʔu |
| 94 | cold | ɾika-ɾe | waɗiɗi-ʔu |
| 95 | full | etaɗa | paida-n |
| 96 | new | wiʧakaɾi | paʔina-ʔu |
| 97 | good | wĩja-ɾe | kaiman |
| 98 | round | ajɓɨɓɨ-ɾe | kaɗaʐaɗa-ʔu |
| 99 | dry | maɾaɓa-sɨ | maːɾa-n |
| 100 | name | ɾɨ-ɾenka | ɨʔ-ɨː |
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Arawakan (Maipurean) languages
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| Northern |
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| Southern |
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| Macro-Arawakan |
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