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Example of pipe marking through colors and symbols (arrows) to indicated pipe contents (colors) and flow direction (arrows). Pipe marking on a natural gas pipe
In the process industry , chemical industry , manufacturing industry , and other commercial and industrial contexts, pipe marking is used to identify the contents, properties and flow direction of fluids in piping. It is typically carried out by marking piping through labels and color codes. Pipe marking helps personnel and fire response teams identify the correct pipes for operational, maintenance or emergency response purposes.
Background [ edit ]
Pipes are used extensively in commercial and industrial buildings and on industrial plant (e.g. oil refineries ) to transfer fluids between items of plant and equipment.[1] pipe racks , through walls and bulkheads and through floors.[2]
A range of corporate, national and international codes, standards and regulations are in use around the world.
National standards: United States [ edit ]
ANSI/ASME Standards [ edit ]
Three ASME A13.1 pipe markers.
In the United States , Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations recommend following American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard A13.1-2015 - Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems[3]
The standard states that labels should be placed where easily viewed by a person standing near the pipe at any of the following points:[4]
Approximately every 25 feet (7.6 m ) to 50 feet (15 m ) on straight sections.
A pipe passes through a wall or floor.
Any pipe direction changes, such bends or junctions.
Text Color
Example
Safety Yellow
Black
Acetylene
Safety Green
White
Stormwater
Safety Blue
White
Nitrogen
Safety Red
White
Sprinkler Water
Text Color
Example
Safety Yellow
Black
Acetylene
Safety Brown
White
Lubricating Oil
Safety Orange
White
Ammonia
Safety Green
White
Stormwater
Compressed air/Non-hazardous gases
Safety Blue
White
Compressed Air
Safety Red
White
Sprinkler Water
Safety Purple
White
Fluid Name
Safety Grey
White
Fluid Name
White
Black
Fluid Name
Black
White
Fluid Name
2015 revisions [ edit ]
A 2015 style pipe marker with GHS signal word and symbols.
2015 revisions added oxidizing materials to the existing 'Flammables' classification. The other major change allowed and encouraged labels to incorporate the GHS signal word, hazard pictograms , and hazard statements . This addition helped identify additional dangers when dealing with materials that fit into multiple categories, like hydrogen sulfide , which is both flammable and toxic.[4]
IIAR Bulletin #114 [ edit ]
IIAR Bulletin 114 pipe marker for a low-temperature recirculated suction (LTRS) line, where both liquid and vapor are present[6]
In 2014, the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration introduced a specialized label design for use when marking pipes associated with refrigeration systems using ammonia , including information such as the physical state , pressure and purpose in the system.[6]
NFPA 99C 2002 [ edit ]
The National Fire Protection Association have a special labeling system in the standard for Health Care Facilities, such as hospitals and dentistry offices. This standard puts more emphasis on gases found in Medical gas supply systems , which consist of both oxidizing gases and gases that displace oxygen .[7]
Gray
Black or White
Brown
White
Yellow
Black
Green
White[e]
Green
White
Black
White
Blue
White
Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal
Purple
White
White
Black
Yellow/White Diagonal Striped
Black
Non-medical and Level 3 Vacuum
Black/White Diagonal Striped
Black (In box)
Yellow/White Checkerboard
Black
Black/White Checkerboard
Black (In box)
Red
White
National standards: United Kingdom [ edit ]
In the United Kingdom there are three principal regulations that mandate the marking of equipment and piping:
Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Regulations 2015 ,[8]
Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 ,[9]
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 ,[1]
The regulations require that vessels containing hazardous substances together with the pipes containing or transporting such substances must be labelled or marked with the relevant hazard pictograms or pipe marking. The labels used on pipes must be positioned visibly in the vicinity of the most hazardous points, such as valves and joints; at both sides of bulkheads and floor penetrations; and at reasonable intervals.
The regulations do not specify a specific marking system, but BS EN ISO 1710 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs is often used.
BS 1710 Safety colours and signs [ edit ]
A widely used British Standard (BS ) for marking equipment is:
BS 1710:2019 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
The Standard stipulates the colours to be used. These are as follows:[2]
BS 1710 Basic identification colours for pipes
BS 4800 colour[10]
Green
12 D 45
Silver-grey
10 A 03
Brown
06 C 39
Yellow Ochre
08 C 35
Violet
22 C 37
Light Blue
20 E 51
Black
00 E 53
Orange
06 E 51
In addition to the basic colours, certain safety colours are used:
BS 1710 Safety colours for pipes
BS 4800 colour[10]
Red
04 E 53
Yellow
08 E 51
Auxiliary Blue
18 E 53
User defined
The arrangement of markings is for the safety colour to be between bands of the basic colour.[2]
Firewater service would be:
Basic marking of firewater piping in accordance with BS EN ISO 7010
The pipe contents must be identified adjacent to the banding.[2]
The full name
Abbreviation
Chemical symbol
Refrigerant number
Coloured bands (user specified)
The direction of flow should also be identified near the banding.[2]
Examples using this system are as shown.
Examples of pipe marking using BS 7010
National standards: India [ edit ]
IS 2379 Pipelines Identification Colour Code [ edit ]
The Indian Standard IS 2379 provides for a ground colour and a coloured band on piping to identify material.[11]
IS 2379 ground colours[11]
Sea green
Aluminium
Oils and combustible liquid
Light brown
Dark violet
Sky blue
Canary yellow
Smoke grey
Black
Hydrocarbons/organic compounds
Dark aluminium grey
Colour bands of 25 mm to 100 mm width are placed at locations such as battery limits, intersections, near valves, at walls, starting and terminating points. There is a large range of bands which define the contents of the line. For example, for oils.
Band colour
Light brown
Brilliant green
Light brown
None
Light brown
Signal red
Light brown
Canary yellow
Light brown
French blue
Light brown
Light grey
Light brown
Dark violet
Light brown
Light orange
National standards: Australia [ edit ]
Pipes, ducts and conduits are identification by the Australian Standard AS 1345—1995 “Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits and ducts”[12]
Australian Standard AS 1345[12]
G21 Jade
N24 Silver Grey
X53 Golden Tan
Y44 Sand
P23 Lilac
B25 Aqua
N61 Black
R13 Signal Red
X15 Orange
N14 White
Y14 Golden Yellow + N61 Black
International standards [ edit ]
ISO 14726 Ships and marine facilities [ edit ]
Ships and marine facilities must conform to an international standard for piping systems identification. This is ISO 14726:2008 Ships and marine technology — Identification colours for the content of piping systems .[13]
This is a two-colour banded marking system. The main colour shows what the fluid is being used for. This is on either side of the secondary colour which indicates what the substance actually is. The main colours are as follows:[13]
Black - Waste media
Blue - Fresh water
Brown - Fuel
Green – Sea water
Grey - Non-flammable gases
Maroon - Air and sounding pipes
Orange - Oils other than fuels
Silver - Steam
Red - Fire fighting
Violet - Acids , alkalis
White - Air in ventilation systems
Yellow - Flammable gases
ISO 20560-1 & -2 Safety information for piping systems [ edit ]
International Standard ISO 20560-1 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 1: Piping systems was intended to replace the variety of regulations and standards across countries and regions. Basic identification colours and warning symbols identify the pipe contents and any hazards.[14]
Pipe markers consists of 4 basic elements:
Basic identification (background) colour, see table below, e.g. yellow for hazardous substance
Name of the substance/content, e.g. NATURAL GAS
Flow direction indicator arrows, ⇒
Warning symbols, e.g. GHS symbol
Flammable substance
[14]
ISO 20560-1 Colours and substances
Text colour
Yellow
Black
Grey
White
Liquids & solids (powder/granulate)
Black
White
Orange
Black
Violet
White
Red
White
Green
White
Blue
White
International Standard ISO 20560-2 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 2: Tanks, provides a similar colour scheme for tanks.
European standards: RAL Colours [ edit ]
RAL colour standard charts are used by architects, construction industry and road safety.[15]
The pipe identification colours are as shown in the table.
Pipe Identification Colours[15]
RAL Colour Code
Colour
2114
9006
White aluminium
2123
5012
Light blue
2138
6010
Grass green
2149
1004
Golden yellow
2163
4001
Red lilac
2173
8001
Ochre brown
2179
9005
Jet black
See also [ edit ]
^ Explosives, flammables, corrosives, toxic, radioactive, extreme pressures/temperatures.
^ Flash point below 100 °F (38 °C; 311 K ).[5]
^ Oxidizers were added in 2015 update.[5]
^ Fluids that can burn, but are not considered 'flammable', flash point at or above 100 °F (38 °C; 311 K ).[5]
^ Background & Text color can be reversed.
References [ edit ]
^ Occupational Safety & Health Administration (November 2016). "1910.261 - Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills" . osha.gov . Retrieved 21 March 2019 . 1910.261(a )(3 )(ii ) Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems, A13.1—1956.
^ a b c d Brimar Industries. "ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015" (PDF) . Pipemarker.com . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019 .
^ a b c NASA (17 November 2017). "GSFC-STD-8006 - Safety Standard for Ground piping Systems Color Coding and Identification" . standards.nasa.gov/ . Retrieved 21 March 2019 .
^ a b International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. "Guidelines for: Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and System Components" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019 .
^ Craftmark Pipe Markers. "NFPA 99C 2002" (PDF) . craftmarkid.com . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019 .
^ "The GB CLP Regulation" . www.hse.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2022 .
^ "The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996" (PDF) . www.hse.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2022 .
^ a b "BS 4800 Colour Chart" . Retrieved 5 March 2024 .
^ a b c "IS 2379 Pipelines Identification Colour Code" (PDF) . Retrieved 11 March 2024 .
^ a b "Use of colour for pipe identification" (PDF) . Retrieved 12 March 2024 .
^ a b "ISO 14726" . www.scribd.com . Retrieved 13 February 2022 .
^ a b "ISO 20560" . www.iso.org . Retrieved 14 February 2022 .
^ a b "Pipe Identification Colours" . Retrieved 5 March 2024 .
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Nuclear flask
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