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( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m P u l m o n a r y v a l v e i n s u f f i c i e n c y )
Pulmonary valve regurgitation Other names Pulmonary insufficiency, pulmonary incompetence Diagram of the human heart Specialty Cardiology Causes Pulmonary hypertension, Infective endocarditis[1] Diagnostic method EKG, Echocardiogram[2] Treatment Depends on cause[3]
Pulmonary (or pulmonic [4] regurgitation (or insufficiency , incompetence ) is a condition in which the pulmonary valve is incompetent[5] backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle of the heart during diastole .[6] echocardiogram and is harmless. More pronounced regurgitation that is noticed through a routine physical examination is a medical sign of disease and warrants further investigation.[medical citation needed If it is secondary to pulmonary hypertension it is referred to as a Graham Steell murmur .[7]
Signs and symptoms [ edit ]
Because pulmonic regurgitation is the result of other factors in the body, any noticeable symptoms are ultimately caused by an underlying medical condition rather than the regurgitation itself.[3] heart failure .[8] murmur can sometimes be identified,( heard best) over the left lower sternal border.[medical citation needed
Rheumatic heart disease
Among the causes of pulmonary insufficiency are:
Infective endocarditis [1]
Rheumatic heart disease [1]
Connective tissue disease[8]
Carcinoid syndrome [8]
Congenital abnormalities[9]
Tetralogy of Fallot ,[10]
Prosthetic heart valve [11]
Pathophysiology [ edit ]
The pathophysiology is due to diastolic pressure variations between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle , differences are often very small, but increase regurgitation. An elevation in pulmonary insufficiency due to elevated intrathoracic pressure is relevant in ventilated patients (having acute restrictive right ventricular physiology). The reasons for changes in stiffness of the right ventricle's walls are not well understood, but such stiffness is thought to increase with hypertrophy of the ventricle.[12]
Diagnosis [ edit ]
In the diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation both echocardiograms and ECG is used to ascertain if the individual has this condition, as well as, the use of a chest X-ray to expose enlargement of the right atrium or ventricle.[2]
Treatment [ edit ]
In treating pulmonary regurgitation, it should be determined if pulmonary hypertension is causing the problem to therefore begin the most appropriate therapy as soon as possible (primary pulmonary hypertension or secondary pulmonary hypertension due to thromboembolism ).[13] [3] surgically replaced .[14]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ a b c McGlothlin, Michael (2006). Current consult . New York, NY: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-07144-010-3
^ T. R. Harrison (ed.): Principles of Internal Medicine , Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York / Toronto / London 1958, p. 1258.
^ "Pulmonary Insufficiency" . FreeDictionary . Farlex. 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2015 .
^ White, Charles S.; Haramati, Linda B.; Chen, Joseph Jen-Sho; Levsky, Jeffrey M. (2014-03-01). Cardiac Imaging ISBN 9780199829477
^ Auscultation Skills: Breath & Heart Sounds ISBN 9781605474540
^ a b c "Pulmonic Regurgitation Clinical Presentation" . Medscale.com . eMedicine. Retrieved 29 August 2015 .
^ "pulmonary Valve disease" . Patient.info . EMIS Group. Retrieved 29 August 2015 .
^ Alpert, Joseph (2012). Cardiology and the Primary care Physician ISBN 978-1-4615-6603-8 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 .
^ O'Connor, Nicholas J. Talley, Simon (2014). Clinical examination : a systematic guide to physical diagnosis ISBN 978-0-72954-147-3 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )
^ Chaturvedi, Rajiv R; Redington, Andrew N (2007-07-01). "Pulmonary regurgitation in congenital heart disease" . Heart . 93 7 ): 880–889. doi :10.1136/hrt.2005.075234 . ISSN 1355-6037 . PMC 1994453 PMID 17569817 .
^ "Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care" . emedicine . 14 June 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2024 .
^ "Heart valve surgery: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" . www.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 2015-08-30 .
Further reading [ edit ]
External links [ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_regurgitation&oldid=1234091397 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● V a l v u l a r h e a r t d i s e a s e ● V a s c u l a r d i s e a s e s ● M e d i c a l s i g n s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● C S 1 m a i n t : m u l t i p l e n a m e s : a u t h o r s l i s t ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a ● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m A u g u s t 2 0 1 5 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 2 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 4 : 5 1 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
