Pumi | |
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Prinmi | |
Native to | China |
Region | Sichuan, Yunnan |
Ethnicity | Pumi |
Native speakers | (54,000 cited 1999)[1] |
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:pmi – Northern Pumipmj – Southern Pumi |
Glottolog | pumi1242 |
The Pumi language (also known as Prinmi[citation needed]) is a Qiangic language used by the Pumi people, an ethnic group from Yunnan, China, as well as by the Tibetan peopleofMuliinSichuan, China.[2][3] Most native speakers live in Lanping, Ninglang, Lijiang, Weixi and Muli.
The autonym of the Pumi is pʰʐə̃55 mi55 in Western Prinmi, pʰɹĩ55 mi55 in Central Prinmi, and pʰʐõ55 mə53 in Northern Prinmi with variants such as pʰɹə̃55 mə55 and tʂʰə̃55 mi53.[3][4]
InMuli Bonist priests read religious texts in Tibetan, which needs to be interpreted into Prinmi.[citation needed] An attempt to teach Pumi children to write their language using the Tibetan script has been seen in Ninglang.[5] A pinyin-based Roman script has been proposed, but is not commonly used.[6]
Earlier works suggest there are two branches of Pumi (southern and northern), and they are not mutually intelligible. Ding (2014) proposes three major groups: Western Prinmi (spoken in Lanping), Central Prinmi (spoken in southwestern Ninglang, Lijiang, Yulong and Yongsheng) and Northern Prinmi (spoken in northern Ninglang and Sichuan).[7]
Dialects of Pumi include the following (Lu 2001).[3]
Sims (2017)[8] lists the following dialects of Pumi.
Sims (2017)[8] reconstructs high tones and low tones for Proto-Prinmi.
Transcribed, translated and annotated audio documents in the Pumi language are available from the Pangloss Collection.[17] They concern Northern dialects of Pumi.
Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | ||
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Nasal | voiceless | [m̥] | [n̥] | [ŋ̥] | ||
voiced | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | |||
Plosive | voiceless | [p] | [t] | [ʈ] | [k] | |
aspirated | [pʰ] | [tʰ] | [ʈʰ] | [kʰ] | ||
voiced | [b] | [d] | [ɖ] | [ɡ] | ||
Affricate | voiceless | [ts] | [ʈʂ] | [tɕ] | ||
aspirated | [tsʰ] | [ʈʂʰ] | [tɕʰ] | |||
voiced | [dz] | [ɖʐ] | [dʑ] | |||
Fricative | voiceless | [s] | [ʂ] | [ɕ] | [x] | |
voiced | [z] | [ʐ] | [ʑ] | [ɣ] | ||
Lateral | voiceless | [ɬ] | ||||
voiced | [l] | |||||
Approximant | voiceless | [ɹ̥] | ||||
voiced | [w] | [ɹ] | [j] |
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | [i/iᵊ] | [ɨ] | [ʉ] | [u] | |
Close-Mid | [e] | [ɤ] | [o] | ||
Mid | [ə] | ||||
Open-Mid | [ɛ] | [ɜ] | |||
Near-Open | [ɐ] | ||||
Open | [a] | [ɑ] |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | [ĩ] | ||
Close-Mid | [õ] | ||
Mid | [ə̃] | ||
Open-Mid | [ɛ̃] | ||
Near-Open | [ɐ̃] |
The pinyin-based Roman script for Pumi has been proposed, but yet to be promoted.
Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | [p] | p | [pʰ] | bb | [b] | m | [m] | hm | [m̥] |
d | [t] | t | [tʰ] | dd | [d] | n | [n] | hn | [n̥] |
g | [k] | k | [kʰ] | gg | [ɡ] | h | [x] | hh | [ɣ] |
j | [tɕ] | q | [tɕʰ] | jj | [dʑ] | x | [ɕ] | xx | [ʑ] |
z | [ts] | c | [tsʰ] | zz | [dz] | s | [s] | ss | [z] |
zh | [ʈʂ] | ch | [ʈʂʰ] | zzh | [ɖʐ] | sh | [ʂ] | ssh | [ʐ] |
zr | [ʈ], [ʈʂ/kʴ] | cr | [ʈʰ], [ʈʂʰ/kʴʰ] | zzr | [ɖ], [ɖʐ/ɡʴ] | l | [l] | lh | [ɬ] |
br | pʴ | pr | pʴʰ | bbr | bʴ | r | [ɹ] | hr | [ɹ̥] |
ng | [ŋ] | hng | [ŋ̥] | w | [w] | y | [j] |
Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
i | [i/iᵊ] | u | [u] | ui | [ɥi/wi] | e | [ə] |
ie | [jɛ/e] | iu | [ju] | uee | [ɥe/we] | ||
ii | [ɨ/ə] | uu | [uə/ʉ] | ue | [ɥɛ/wɛ/wə] | üa | [ɥɐ] |
in | [ĩ/ə̃] | ien | [(j)ɛ̃/ĩ] | uen | [ɥɛ̃/wɛ̃/wĩ] | uin | [ɥĩ] |
o | [o/ɤ] | io | [(j)ɐw/ɨɤ] | on | [õ] | ion | [jõ] |
a | [ɑ] | ia | [jɐ/jɜ] | ua | [wɑ/wɜ] | uan | [wɐ̃/wɜ̃] |
aa | [a] | uaa | [wa] | an | [ɐ̃] | ||
ea | [ɜ/ɛ] | ai | [ɜj] | uai | [wɜj] |
Tones:
A reference grammar of the Wadu dialect of Pumi is available online.[18] A grammar of Central Pumi is also available.[19]
Pumi | English |
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Tèr gwéjè dzwán thèr phxèungphxàr sì. Timitae llìnggwe zreungzrun stìng. |
He has broken several hammers. This man is crying and shouting all the time. |
Sino-Tibetan branches
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Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) |
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Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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East and Southeast Asia |
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Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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Proposed groupings |
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Proto-languages |
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. |
Na-Qiangic languages
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