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San Diego Formation

It is a coastal transitional marine and non-marine pebble and cobble conglomerate deposit and marine sandstone rock with marine fossils, from a former bay, deposited during the Middle PliocenetoLate Pliocene ages (2–3 million years ago), of the Pliocene period during the Cenozoic Era.

This formation is found from the south side of Mount SoledadinSan Diego CountytoRosarito Beach in northern Baja California, including Tijuana, Mexico, and the southwestern corner of San Diego County from San YsidrotoPacific Beach.

San Diego Formation deposits were formed in a large, open, crescent-shaped bay similar in size to Monterey Bay that existed on the coast in Pliocene times.^[1][2]

The formation contains the San Diego Formation Basin, a large aquifer under Imperial Beach, Chula Vista, National City, and southern portions of the city of San Diego. The San Diego Formation Basin is a confined shallow aquifer. It has a basin ground surface area of 79,724 acres (32,263 ha) and an estimated groundwater storage capacity of 960,000 AF. The depth to groundwater is about 100 feet (30 m).^[3] The groundwater in the San Diego Formation is brackish, and its quality is considered to be fair to poor.^[3] Due to its proximity to the ocean, the risk of seawater intrusion is a primary concern regarding water quality. To avoid intrusion, the Sweetwater Authority constantly monitors the basin water levels, which have remained stable since the 1980s. A factor that contributes to limit the groundwater pumping is the importation of Colorado River water. However, to reduce demands for imported water, there have been installed desalination plants. The Richard A. Reynolds Groundwater Desalination Facility, in Chula Vista, was completed in 1999 and holds a production capacity of 4 million gallons of drinking water per day.^[3] The Claude “Bud” Lewis Carlsbad Desalination Plant, in Carlsbad, California, was completed in 2015 and produces 50 million gallons of water per day.^[4] In this way, these plants contribute to reducing vulnerability and secure water supply, especially during drought periods. The use of groundwater contributes to a regional effort to reduce demands for imported water.^[5]

Besides those of clams and other mollusks, quite a few bird fossils (which are generally rare) have been found in this geological formation. Among them is a possible ancestor of Cassin's auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and the loons Gavia concinna and G. howardae. The former was quite likely a close relative or even ancestor of the large black-headed^[6] loons; the latter was perhaps a small relative of the large grey-headed^[7] loons.^[8][9]

• Geology of San Diego County, California
• Pisco Formation
• Urumaco

• Ellis, Arthur Jackson; Lee, Charles H. (1919). Geology and ground waters of the western part of San Diego County, California. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey.
• Kennedy, Michael P. (1975). Geology of the San Diego metropolitan area, California. California Division of Mines and Geology.
• "General Plan Final Program EIR: 3.11 Paleontological Resources" (PDF). City of San Diego.