Aspaniel is a typeofgun dog. Spaniels were especially bred to flush game out of denser brush. By the late 17th century, spaniels had been specialized into water and land breeds. The extinct English Water Spaniel was used to retrieve water fowl shot down with arrows. Land spaniels were setting spaniels—those that crept forward and pointed their game, allowing hunters to ensnare them with nets, and springing spaniels—those that sprang pheasants and partridges for hunting with falcons, rabbits and smaller mammals such as rats and mice for hunting with greyhounds. During the 17th century, the role of the spaniel dramatically changed as Englishmen began hunting with flintlocks for wing shooting. Charles Goodall and Julia Gasow (1984)[1] write that spaniels were "transformed from untrained, wild beaters, to smooth, polished gun dogs."
The word "spaniel" would seem to be derived from the medieval French espaigneul—"Spanish"—to modern French, espagnol.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines Spaniel as "a breed of dog with a long silky coat and drooping ears".[2]
Not much has changed about spaniels in general over the years, as can be seen in this 1921 entry in Collier's New Encyclopedia:
Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of the ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. The King Charles is a small variety of the spaniel used as a lapdog. The water spaniels, large and small, differ from the common spaniel only in the roughness of their coats, and in uniting the aquatic propensities of the Newfoundland dog with the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions.
The origin of the word spaniel is described by the Oxford English Dictionary as coming from the Old French word espaigneul which meant "Spanish (dog)"; this in turn originated from the Latin Hispaniolus which simply means "Spanish".[2]
InEdward, 2nd Duke of York's work The Master of Game, which was mostly a 15th-century translation of an earlier work by Gaston III of Foix-Béarn entitled Livre de chasse, spaniels are described as being from Spain as much as all Greyhounds are from England or Scotland.[3] Sixteenth-century English physician John Caius wrote that the spaniels of the time were mostly white, marked with spots that are commonly red. He described a new variety to have come out of France, which were speckled all over with white and black, "which mingled colours incline to a marble blewe".[4]
In the appendices added to the 1909 re-print of Caius' work, the editors suggested that the type of dogs may have been brought into the British Isles as early as 900 BC by a branch of the Celts moving from Spain into Cornwall and on into Wales, England and Ireland.[3] Theories on the origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the "Agassian hunting dog" described in the hunting poem Cynegetica attributed to Oppian of Apamea, which belonged to the Celtic tribes of Roman Britain:[5]
There is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye, but endowed with feet armed with powerful claws and a mouth sharp with close-set venomous tearing teeth. It is by virtue of its nose, however, that the Agassian is most exalted, and for tracking it is the best there is; for it is very adept at discovering the tracks of things that walk upon the ground, and skilled too at marking the airborne scent.[6]
Another theory of the origin of the spaniel is that the ancient Romans imported spaniels into Britannia by way of the trade routes to the Far East. Colonel David Hancock[7][page needed] adds a belief that the sporting type of spaniel originated in China from the short-faced ancestors of dogs such as the Pekingese, Pug and Shih Tzu. The theory goes that these ancestors were introduced into Southern Europe and evolved into the small sporting spaniels of the period around AD 1300–1600. The issue of how a short-muzzled dog could evolve into a longer-muzzled dog is addressed by pointing to the evolution of the King Charles Spaniel into the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in less than a century.[8][self-published source?]
In assisting hunters, it is desirable that spaniels work within gun range, are steady to shot, and are able to mark the fall and retrieve shot game to hand with a soft mouth. A good nose is highly valued, as it is in most gun dog breeds. They are versatile hunters traditionally being used for upland game birds, but are equally adept at hunting rabbits, waterfowl, rats, and mice. Whether hunting in open fields, woodlands, farm lands—in briars, along fencerows or marshlands, a spaniel can get the job done.[9]
On the basis of function and hunting style, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) draws a distinction between Continental and Anglo-American spaniels. The FCI places Continental dogs of the spaniel type in the pointing group (Group 7, sect. 1.2) because they function more like setters which "freeze" and point to game. Breeds in this group include the Blue Picardy Spaniel, the French Spaniel, the Brittany, the Pont-Audemer Spaniel, and the Small Münsterländer. The FCI classifies most other dogs of the spaniel type as flushing or water dogs (Group 8, sections 2 and 3).[10]
Type of spaniel
Also known as
Country/region of origin
Min. height
Max. height
Min. weight
Max. weight
Image
Cocker Spaniel
(in the United States)
United States
13 in (33 cm)
15 in (38 cm)
24 lb (11 kg)
29 lb (13 kg)[11]
United States
15 in (38 cm)
18 in (46 cm)
25 lb (11 kg)
45 lb (20 kg)[12]
Epagneul Bleu de Picardie
France
22 in (56 cm)
24 in (61 cm)[13]
43 lb (20 kg)
45 lb (20 kg)[14]
United States
15 in (38 cm)
18 in (46 cm)
25 lb (11 kg)
45 lb (20 kg)[15]
Cavalier Spaniel
United Kingdom
12 in (30 cm)
13 in (33 cm)
13 lb (5.9 kg)
18 lb (8.2 kg)[16]
England
17 in (43 cm)
20 in (51 cm)
55 lb (25 kg)
85 lb (39 kg)[17]
Dutch Partridge Dog
Netherlands
21.5 in (55 cm)
25.5 in (65 cm)
55 lb (25 kg)
77 lb (35 kg)[18]
Cocker Spaniel
(In the United Kingdom)
England
15 in (38 cm)
17 in (43 cm)
26 lb (12 kg)
34 lb (15 kg)[19]
England
19 in (48 cm)
20 in (51 cm)
40 lb (18 kg)
50 lb (23 kg)[20]
England
17 in (43 cm)
18 in (46 cm)
35 lb (16 kg)
50 lb (23 kg)[21]
Épagneul français
(in France)
France
21 in (53 cm)
25 in (64 cm)
45 lb (20 kg)
60 lb (27 kg)
Deutscher Wachtelhund
Germany
16 in (41 cm)
20 in (51 cm)
44 lb (20 kg)
66 lb (30 kg)[22]
Whiptail, Shannon Spaniel, Rat Tail Spaniel, and Bog Dog
Ireland
21 in (53 cm)
24 in (61 cm)
45 lb (20 kg)
65 lb (29 kg)[23]
English Toy Spaniel
(in the United States)
England
9 in (23 cm)
10 in (25 cm)
6 lb (2.7 kg)
12 lb (5.4 kg)[24]
Dutch Spaniel
Netherlands
14 in (36 cm)
16 in (41 cm)
20 lb (9.1 kg)
24 lb (11 kg)[25]
Dutch Tulip Hound
Netherlands
12.5 in (32 cm)
15.5 in (39 cm)
13 lb (5.9 kg)
18 lb (8.2 kg)
Continental Toy Spaniel,
Épagneul Nain Continental
France
8 in (20 cm)
11 in (28 cm)[26]
5 lb (2.3 kg)
10 lb (4.5 kg)[27]
Continental Toy Spaniel,
Épagneul Nain Continental
Belgium
8 in (20 cm)
11 in (28 cm)
5 lb (2.3 kg)
10 lb (4.5 kg)[28]
Épagneul Picard
France
22 in (56 cm)
23.5 in (60 cm)
44 lb (20 kg)
55 lb (25 kg)[29]
Épagneul Pont-Audemer
France
20 in (51 cm)
23 in (58 cm)[30]
40 lb (18 kg)
53 lb (24 kg)[31]
Russian hunting spaniel
(Русский охотничий спаниель)
Russia
15 in (38 cm)
17 in (43 cm)
28 lb (13 kg)
40 lb (18 kg)[32]
Frisian Pointer
Netherlands
19.6 in (50 cm)
21 in (53 cm)
30 lb (14 kg)
50 lb (23 kg)[33]
England
13 in (33 cm)
15 in (38 cm)
35 lb (16 kg)
44 lb (20 kg)[34]
Wales
17 in (43 cm)
19 in (48 cm)
35 lb (16 kg)
55 lb (25 kg)[35]
Type of spaniel
Country/region of origin
Period of extinction
Image
Switzerland
1830s
England
1930s
England
1902
United Kingdom
1920s
England
19th century
The following breeds are not true spaniels, but are named as such due to their resemblance to the spaniels.[citation needed]
Type of spaniel
Also known as
Country/region of origin
Min. height
Max. height
Min. weight
Max. weight
Image
Japanese Spaniel
Japan
9 in (23 cm)
10 in (25 cm)
4 lb (1.8 kg)
11 lb (5.0 kg)[36]
Chinese Spaniel[37]
China
8 in (20 cm)
9 in (23 cm)
8 lb (3.6 kg)
14 lb (6.4 kg)[38]
Tibet[39]
9 in (23 cm)
11 in (28 cm)
9 lb (4.1 kg)
15 lb (6.8 kg)[40]
Brittany Spaniel
Brittany, France
17 in (43 cm)
20.5 in (52 cm)
30 lb (14 kg)
45 lb (20 kg)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Roles
Human–dog
interaction
Related
Extinct breeds
