Contents

Spin stiffness

Mathematically it can be defined by the following equation:

${\displaystyle \rho _{s}={\cfrac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \theta ^{2}}}{\cfrac {E_{0}(\theta )}{N}}|_{\theta =0}}$

where ${\displaystyle E_{0}}$ is the ground state energy, ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is the twisting angle, and N is the number of lattice sites.

Start off with the simple Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian:

${\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {Heisenberg} }=-J\sum _{<i,j>}\left[S_{i}^{z}S_{j}^{z}+{\cfrac {1}{2}}(S_{i}^{+}S_{j}^{-}+S_{i}^{-}S_{j}^{+})\right]}$

Now we introduce a rotation in the system at site i by an angle θ_i around the z-axis:

${\displaystyle S_{i}^{+}\longrightarrow S_{i}^{+}e^{i\theta _{i}}}$

${\displaystyle S_{i}^{-}\longrightarrow S_{i}^{-}e^{-i\theta _{i}}}$

Plugging these back into the Heisenberg Hamiltonian:

${\displaystyle H(\theta _{ij})=-J\sum _{<i,j>}\left[S_{i}^{z}S_{j}^{z}+{\cfrac {1}{2}}(S_{i}^{+}e^{i\theta _{i}}S_{j}^{-}e^{-i\theta _{j}}+S_{i}^{-}e^{-i\theta _{i}}S_{j}^{+}e^{i\theta _{j}})\right]}$

now let θ_ij = θ_i - θ_j and expand around θ_ij = 0 via a MacLaurin expansion only keeping terms up to second order in θ_ij

${\displaystyle H\approx H_{\mathrm {Heisenberg} }-J\sum _{<ij>}\left[\theta _{ij}J_{ij}^{($s)}-{\cfrac {1}{2}}\theta _{ij}^{2}T_{ij}^{(s)}\right]}

where the first term is independent of θ and the second term is a perturbation for small θ.

${\displaystyle J_{ij}^{s}={\cfrac {i}{2}}(S_{i}^{+}S_{j}^{-}-S_{i}^{-}S_{j}^{+})}$ is the z-component of the spin current operator

${\displaystyle T_{ij}={\cfrac {1}{2}}(S_{i}^{+}S_{j}^{-}+S_{i}^{-}S_{j}^{+})}$ is the "spin kinetic energy"

Consider now the case of identical twists, θ_x only that exist along nearest neighbor bonds along the x-axis. Then since the spin stiffness is related to the difference in the ground state energy by

${\displaystyle E(\theta )-E(0)=N\rho _{s}\theta _{x}^{2}}$

then for small θ_x and with the help of second order perturbation theory we get:

${\displaystyle \rho _{s}={\cfrac {1}{N}}\left[{\cfrac {1}{2}}\langle T_{x}\rangle +\sum _{\nu \neq 0}{\cfrac {|\langle 0|j_{x}^{($s)}|\nu \rangle |^{2}}{E_{\nu }-E_{0}}}\right]}

• Spin wave

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