The Atlantic needlefish (Strongylura marina) is a common demersal needlefishspecies common in marinas and other areas with minimal currents. Its extremely long jaw and body set this fish apart from other predators. Atlantic needlefish are found from MainetoBrazil and have been known to venture into fresh water for short periods.
The predators of S. marina include larger piscivorous fish such as the Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus).[9] Less common predators include the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris).[10] Since they are surface swimmers, Atlantic needlefish are also preyed upon by some birds. The competitorsofS. marina include similar-sized piscivorous fish species such as bonefish. Although the maximum salinityS. marina can tolerate is 36.9 ppt,[9] they are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities, regularly venturing into fresh water.[4]
Spawning typically occurs in late spring and summer. In Texas, near ripe females have been reported in February.[9] Females lay eggs that have many long, filamentous tendrils which attach to floating vegetation or other submerged objects and organisms. S. marina reaches reproductive maturity two years after being hatched. Spawning activity occurs in shallow, inshore habitats with submerged algal masses.[3]
S. marina depends on submerged vegetation for breeding and shelter. In the Gulf of Mexico, the eggs of S. marina attach to sargassum seaweed.
S. marina is not currently considered to be a threatened species. It is not of high commercial importance, but a fishery exists for it and it is sometimes taken as bycatch. Sport fishermen take it by angling and seining, and then use it as bait.[1]
^ abFoster, N. R. 1974. Strongylura marina-Atlantic Needlefish. Manual for identification of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Environmental Technology Center, Marietta Corp., Baltimore, Md. 125-126.
^ abCollette, B B. (1968). "Strongylura timucu (Wallbaum): A valid species of Western Atlantic needlefish". Copeia. 1968 (1): 189–192. doi:10.2307/1441578. JSTOR1441578.
^Berry, F. H. & Rivas, L. R. (1962). "Data on six species of needlefishes (Belonidae) from the western Atlantic". Copeia. 1962 (1): 152–160. doi:10.2307/1439490. JSTOR1439490.
^Warren, M.L. Jr., B.M. Burr, S. J. Walsh, H.L. Bart Jr., R. C. Cashner, D.A. Etnier, B. J. Freeman, B.R. Kuhajda, R.L. Mayden, H. W. Robison, S.T. Ross & W. C. Starnes (2000). "Diversity, distribution and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern United States". Fisheries. 25 (10): 7–29. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(2000)025<0007:DDACSO>2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Boschung, H. T. (1992). "Catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of Alabama". Alabama Museum of Natural History Bulletin. 14: 1–266.
^Carr, W. E. S. & Adam, C. A. (1973). "Food habits of juvenile marine fishes occupying seagrass beds in the estuarine zone near Crystal River, Florida". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 102 (3): 511–540. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1973)102<511:FHOJMF>2.0.CO;2.
^ abcHardy, J. D, Jr. 1978. Development of fishes of the mid-Atlantic bight. Vol. II. Anguillidae through Syngnathidae. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Service Program: pp 458.
^Gunter G. (1942). "Contributions to the natural history of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montague), on the Texas coast, with particular reference to food habits". Journal of Mammalogy. 23 (3): 267–276. doi:10.2307/1374993. JSTOR1374993.
