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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m S u l f o n a t i o n )
Chemical reaction which replaces a hydrogen on an arene with sulfonic acid, –NH–SO3H
In organic chemistry , aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid (−SO2 OH ) functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution .[1] Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents , dye , and drugs .
Stoichiometry and mechanism [ edit ]
Sulfur trioxide is the active ingredient in many sulfonation reactions.
Typical conditions involve heating the aromatic compound with sulfuric acid:[2]
C 6 H 6 + H2 SO 4 → C6 H 5 SO 3 H + H2 O
Sulfur trioxide or its protonated derivative is the actual electrophile in this electrophilic aromatic substitution.
To drive the equilibrium, dehydrating agents such as thionyl chloride can be added.
C 6 H 6 + H2 SO 4 + SOCl2 → C6 H 5 SO 3 H + SO2 + 2 HCl
Chlorosulfuric acid is also an effective agent:
C 6 H 6 + HSO3 Cl → C6 H 5 SO 3 H + HCl
In contrast to aromatic nitration and most other electrophilic aromatic substitutions this reaction is reversible . Sulfonation takes place in concentrated acidic conditions and desulfonation is the mode of action in a dilute hot aqueous acid. The reaction is very useful in protecting the aromatic system because of this reversibility. Due to their electron withdrawing effects , sulfonate protecting groups can be used to prevent electrophilic aromatic substitution. They can also be installed as directing groups to affect the position where a substitution may take place.[3]
Specialized sulfonation methods [ edit ]
Many method have been developed for introducing sulfonate groups aside from direction sulfonation.
Piria reaction [ edit ]
A classic named reaction is the Piria reaction (Raffaele Piria , 1851) in which nitrobenzene is reacted with a metal bisulfite forming an aminosulfonic acid as a result of combined nitro group reduction and sulfonation.[4] [5]
The Piria reaction
Tyrer sulfonation process [ edit ]
In the Tyrer sulfonation process (1917),[6] at some time of technological importance, benzene vapor is led through a vessel containing 90% sulfuric acid the temperature of which is increased from 100 to 180°C. Water and benzene are continuously removed in a condenser and the benzene layer fed back to the vessel. In this way an 80% yield is obtained.
Synthesis of sulfanilic acid from aniline and sulfuric acid.[7]
Applications [ edit ]
Aromatic sulfonic acids are intermediates in the preparation of dyes and many pharmaceuticals. Sulfonation of anilines lead to a large group of sulfa drugs .
Allura Red AC , a food coloring agent, is made by a multistep process that includes two sulfonations.
Sulfonation of polystyrene is used to make sodium polystyrene sulfonate , a common ion exchange resin for water softening .
Reactions of aryl sulfonic acids [ edit ]
As a functional group , aryl sulfonic acids undergo desulfonation when heated in water:
R−C6 H 4 SO 3 H + H2 O → R−C6 H 5 + H2 SO 4
When treated with strong base, benzenesulfonic acid derivatives convert to phenols.[8]
C 6 H 5 SO 3 H + 2 NaOH → C6 H 5 OH + Na2 SO + 3 H 2 O
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Otto Lindner, Lars Rodefeld "Benzenesulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi :10.1002/14356007.a03_507
^ T.W> Graham Solomons: Organic Chemistry , 11th Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2013, p. 676, ISBN 978-1-118-13357-6 .
^ Piria, Raffaele (1851). "Über einige Produkte der Einwirkung des schwefligsäuren Ammoniaks auf Nitronaphtalin" . Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie . 78 : 31–68. doi :10.1002/jlac.18510780103 . ISSN 0075-4617 .
^ THE PIRIA REACTION. I. THE OVER-ALL REACTION W. H. Hunter, Murray M. Sprung J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1931, 53 (4 ), pp 1432–1443 doi :10.1021/ja01355a037 .
^ U.S. patent 1,210,725
^ Siegfried Hauptmann: Organische Chemie , 2nd Edition, VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1985, p. 511, ISBN 3-342-00280-8 .
^ W. W. Hartman (1923). "p -Cresol". Organic Syntheses . 3 : 37. doi :10.15227/orgsyn.003.0037 .
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatic_sulfonation&oldid=1186055518 "
C a t e g o r y :
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H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
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● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 0 N o v e m b e r 2 0 2 3 , a t 1 7 : 2 5 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
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