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(Top) 1 18th century 2 19th century 2.1 1800s–1850s 2.2 1860s–1890s 3 20th century 3.1 1900s–1940s 3.2 1950s–1990s 4 21st century 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links

Timeline of Washington, D.C.

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The following is a timeline of the history of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States.

18th century[edit]

1751: Georgetown founded
1752 – February: First survey of Georgetown completed.^[1]
1784 – October 7: Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts motions “that buildings for the use of Congress be erected on the banks of the Delaware near Trenton, or of the Potomac, near Georgetown, provided a suitable district can be procured on one of the rivers as aforesaid, for a federal town”.^[2]
1789 – Town of Georgetown, Maryland, chartered and incorporated; Georgetown University founded.^[3]
1790 - July 16: Residence Act enacted, selecting a site along the Potomac River as the future location of the permanent seat of the federal government of the United States.^[4]
1791
- January 24: Federal District proclamation issued by President George Washington.^[5]
- Team led by Andrew Ellicott begins survey of the future boundaries of the original District of Columbia.^[6]
- L'Enfant Plan for design of the City of Washington introduced.^[7]
- September 9: Commissioners appointed by President Washington name the federal district as "The Territory of Columbia," and the federal city as the "City of Washington."^[8]
1792 – Construction of White House (presidential residence) begins.
1794 – Tudor Place (residence) built in Georgetown.^[9]
1797 – "Bridge at Little Falls" crossing the upper Potomac River several miles northwest of Georgetown, opens at the future site of 19th century Chain Bridge.^[9]^[10]
1800
- May 14 – November 1: Seat of Federal government of the United States relocated after ten years from second federal capital of Philadelphia (centered at Independence Hall (old Pennsylvania State House) to constitutionally designated ten mile square federal district entitled District of Columbia (on both sides of Potomac River). Originally called the "Federal City", it soon acquires namesake after President Washington, (especially after his recent death a few months earlier at nearby Mount Vernon in December 1799), known in 19th century as Washington city.^[6]^[7]^[11]
- Second President John Adams travels south from former second national capital at Philadelphia and is the first chief executive to occupy the President's House (future White House) in November with his wife Abigail to the unfinished mansion. The Adamses occupy the house for only the last four months of his term, having been defeated for reelection by incumbent Vice President Thomas Jefferson in the Election of 1800 until Jefferson's inauguration the following year on March 4, 1801.
- United States Capitol building construction continues with partial completion of the north Senate wing where the United States Congress meets for its first sessions in Washington. Construction continues on south House of Representatives south wing. The Senate wing, completed first temporarily provides spaces to be used by both houses of the Congress, the beginnings of the Library of Congress and the Supreme Court for several years of continued construction work.
- Washington Navy Yard established on the Eastern Branch (later known as Anacostia River) of the Potomac River waterfront south of the under-construction Capitol.^[9]
- Population: 14,093.^[9]

19th century[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

1800s–1850s[edit]

1801
- February 24: US Congress establishes the District of Columbia (comprising Washington County, Alexandria, and Alexandria County).^[7]
- March 4: US president Jefferson inaugurated.^[9]
1802
- "City of Washington" incorporated; mayor-council government established.^[9]
- Jail built.^[9]
1806 – Public school opens.^[9]
1809 – May 20: Long Bridge crossing the Potomac River near 14th Street SW opens.^[9]^[12]
1814 – August 24: Burning of Washington by British forces.^[13]
1815 – Washington City Canal begins operating.^[7]
1816 – St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square built.^[9]
1818 – Central heating system installed in the U.S. Capitol building.^[14]
1835
- Baltimore and Ohio Railroad begins operating.^[15]
- Labor strike by federal navy yard workers.^[16]
1836 - December 15: 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire.
1840 - Population: 23,364 in city;^[17] 43,712 in district.^[7]
1842 – United States Naval Observatory established.^[13]
1844 – Baltimore-Washington telegraph begins operating.^[14]
1846
- District of Columbia retrocession of Alexandria and Alexandria County to Virginia.^[7]
- National Smithsonian Institution established.^[13]
1848
- Cornerstone of the Washington Monument placed.^[18]
- Washington Gas Light Company established.^[7]
1850
- District of Columbia's stone for the Washington Monument dedicated.^[19]
- Congress abolishes slave trade in the District of Columbia.^[7]
1851
- University of the District of Columbia founded (formerly known as Miner Normal School).
1855 - Smithsonian Institution Building (The Castle) completed.^[20]

1860s–1890s[edit]

1860 – Population: 61,122.^[17]^[11]
1862 – Slavery abolished.^[7] Congress requires city to provide schooling for black students.
1863 – National Academy of Sciences headquartered in city.^[6]
1864 – July: Battle of Fort Stevens.^[7]^[11]
1865
- April 14: Assassination of president Lincoln.^[21]
- first black school opens at 2nd and C, SE
1867
- Howard University founded.^[22]^[23]
- "Blacks given right of suffrage."^[5]
1869
- National Convention of the Colored Men of America held in city.^[24]
- American Equal Rights Association meets in city.^[5]
1870
- Children's Hospital established.^[23]
- Population: 109,199.^[17]^[11]
1871
- District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 effected.^[7]
- Norton P. Chipman becomes delegate to the US House of Representatives from the District of Columbia.
1877 – Washington Post newspaper begins publication.^[25]
1878 – Telephone begins operating.^[7]
1880 – Population: 147,293 in city;^[17] 177,624 in district.^[7]
1881
- February: Flood.^[7]
- "Tiber Canal filled in to become Constitution Avenue."^[26]
- American National Red Cross headquartered in city.^[23]
1885 – Washington Monument dedicated.^[13]
1888 – Electric streetcar begins operating.^[7]
1889 – National Zoo opens.^[7]
1890
- Rock Creek Park established.^[7]
- Population: 230,392.^[17]
1893 – American University founded.^[23]
1897 – American Negro Academy founded.^[22]
1899 – Height of Buildings Act of 1899 legislated.^[7]
1900 – Population: 278,718.^[17]

20th century[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

Presidential elections
1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Presidential primaries
Democratic 2004 2008 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2020 2024
U.S. House elections
1871 1872 1971 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
Shadow Senator elections
1990 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024
Shadow Representative elections
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024

1998:	Initiative 59
2014:	Initiative 71
2016:	Advisory Referendum B
2018:	Initiative 77
2022:	Initiative 82

1900s–1940s[edit]

1902 – McMillan Plan for design of city introduced.^[7]
1906 – District Building (city hall) constructed.^[7]
1907
- Union Station built.^[9]
- Washington National Cathedral construction begins.[1]
1910 – Population: 331,069.^[17]
1912 – "Cherry trees planted around the Tidal Basin."^[26]
1913 ^[27]
1915 – Association for the Study of Negro Life and History established.
1917 – National Sylvan Theater opens.^[26]
1919 – July: Racial unrest.^[7]
1920
- Population: 437,571.^[17]
- Dedication of the 16th Street World War I Memorial Trees
1922
- January 28: Storm crushes Knickerbocker Theatre.^[7]
- May 30: Lincoln Memorial dedicated.^[7]
1923 – Smithsonian's Freer Gallery of Art opens.^[26]
1924
- National Capital Park Commission established.^[26]
- Washington Senators baseball team wins 1924 World Series.^[7]
1925 – WMAL radio begins broadcasting.^[28]
- Ku Klux Klan marches on Pennsylvania Ave.^[29]
1926 – Federal Triangle construction begins.^[7]
1930 – Population: 486,869.^[17]
1931 – National Symphony Orchestra formed.^[30]
1932
- May: "Bonus Army" demonstration.^[31]
- Arlington Memorial Bridge opens.^[26]
- Folger Shakespeare Library built.^[32]
1935 – National Cherry Blossom Festival begins.^[26]
1937 – Washington Redskins football team active.^[7]
1940 – Population: 663,091.^[17]
1941
- National Airport built.^[7]
- National Gallery of Art opens.^[14]
1942 – Declaration by United Nations signed in city.^[5]
1944 – International Dumbarton Oaks Conference held in city.^[33]
1946 - International Monetary Fund headquartered in city.[2]
1947 - WMAL-TV, WRC-TV, and WTTG (television) begin broadcasting.^[34]
1949
- Whitehurst Freeway begins operating.^[7]
- WTOP-TV (television) begins broadcasting.^[34]

1950s–1990s[edit]

1950 – Population: 802,178.^[17]
1953 – January 15: 1953 Pennsylvania Railroad train wreck.^[15]
1954
- March 1: United States Capitol shooting incident (1954).
- Bolling v. Sharpe decided, schools integrated in 54–55 school year
1957 – May 17: National Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom civil rights demonstration takes place in D.C.^[35]
1959 – International Antarctic Treaty signed in city.^[21]
1960
- Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan signed in city.^[5]
- Population: 763,956.^[17]
1962 – Streetcar stops operating.^[7]
1963 – August 28: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; Martin Luther King Jr. gives "I Have a Dream" speech.^[21]
1964
- November: "D.C. residents are able to vote for president for the first time."^[36]
- Capital Beltway constructed.^[7]
1965
- April 17: March Against the Vietnam War.^[37]
- Washingtonian magazine begins publication.
1967
- Mayor-council form of government implemented;^[7] Walter Washington becomes mayor.^[14]
- Smithsonian Folklife Festival begins.^[26]
- Biograph cinema opens.^[38]
1968
- April: 1968 Washington, D.C. riots occur.^[26]
- American Association of Retired Persons headquartered in city (approximate date).^[23]
1969
- November 15: Protest against Vietnam War.^[21]
- Gay Blade newspaper begins publication.^[25]
- Key Theatre in business.^[38]
1970 – Population: 756,510.^[17]
1971
- April: Antiwar protest.^[39]
- May: 1971 May Day protests against war.^[21]
- June 30: New York Times Co. v. United States decided; allows Washington Post to publish Pentagon Papers about Vietnam.^[21]
- Walter E. Fauntroy becomes delegate to the US House of Representatives from the District of Columbia.
- National Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts opens.^[26]
- Center for Science in the Public Interest headquartered in city.^[40]
1972 - Watergate scandal discovered.
1973 - Mayoral election established, per US Congress' District of Columbia Home Rule Act.^[36]
1974
- 1974 White House helicopter incident^[41]
- Smithsonian's Hirshhorn Museum opens.^[26]
1976
- March: Washington Metro begins operating.^[15]
- May: Concorde supersonic airplane begins operating.^[14]
- US Bicentennial held.^[26]
1979
- Marion Barry becomes mayor.
- C-SPAN begins televising federal government proceedings.
1980
- Western Plaza (later renamed to "Freedom Plaza") containing a raised marble inlay depicting parts of the L'Enfant Plan for the city of Washington opens along Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. between the White House and the United States Capitol.^[42]
1981
- March 30: Attempted assassination of president Reagan.^[21]
- Washington City Paper begins publication.^[25]
1982
- January 13: Crash of Air Florida Flight 90.^[5]
- Washington Convention Center built.
- National Vietnam Veterans Memorial erected.^[26]^[21]
- Washington Times newspaper begins publication.^[25]
1983
- 1983 U.S. Senate bombing
1985
- Federal News Service in business.
- National Building Museum opens
- Washington Printmakers Gallery opens.
1987
- Smithsonian's Sackler Gallery and National Museum of African Art open.^[26]
- Dupont Circle 5 cinema in business.^[38]
1990
- Population: 606,900.^[17]
- October 27: Mayor Marion Barry receives six-month prison sentence for cocaine possession.^[43]
- November 6: Sharon Pratt Dixon wins mayoral election.^[44]
1991
- Eleanor Holmes Norton becomes delegate to the US House of Representatives from the District of Columbia.
- City bicentennial.^[7]
1993
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum opens
- National Postal Museum opens
1994 – November 8: Marion Barry wins mayoral election.^[45]
1995
- April 17: President William J. Clinton signs the District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995, establishing the District of Columbia Financial Control Board.^[46]
- October 16: National Million Man March held in city.
1996 – City website online (approximate date).^[47]
1997 – July 7: Starbucks triple homicide in Georgetown
1998 – United States Capitol shooting incident
1999 – Anthony A. Williams becomes mayor.
2000 – May 14: Million Mom March held.^[48]

21st century[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

2001 - September: 2001 anthrax attacks.
2002 - International Spy Museum opens
2003 – Washington Convention Center rebuilt.^[7]
2007 – Adrian Fenty becomes mayor.
2008
- Nationals Park opens.^[7]
- Newseum opens in D.C..
2009
- January 20: Inauguration of U.S. president Obama.
- Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian is released, taking place in D.C.
- The District survives Snowmageddon
2010 – Population: 601,723.^[49]
2011
- Vincent C. Gray becomes mayor.
- CityCenterDC construction begins.
2014
- Initiative 71 approved by voters, leading to the legalization of cannabis
2015 – Muriel Bowser becomes mayor.
2016
- January 2016 United States winter storm.
- DC Streetcar begins operating.
- March–April: 2016 Nuclear Security Summit.
- National Museum of African American History and Culture opens to the public.
- District of Columbia statehood referendum, 2016
2017
- January 20: Inauguration of U.S. President Donald Trump
- January 21: National Women's March on Washington scheduled.
2018 – The Washington Capitals win their first Stanley Cup in franchise history.
2019 – The Washington Nationals win the World Series.
2020 – The coronavirus disease 2019 causes the District to lock down for the first time in history.
2021
- January 6: Storming of the United States Capitol.
- January 20: Inauguration of U.S. President Joe Biden
- April 2: Vehicle-ramming attack outside the United States Capitol.

References[edit]

^ Richard Plummer Jackson (1878). The Chronicles of Georgetown, D.C., from 1751–1878. R. O. Polkinhorn. pp. 3–4.

^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875".

^ Kathleen Menzie Lesko; Valerie Babb; Carroll R. Gibbs (1991). Black Georgetown Remembered : A History Of Its Black Community From The Founding Of "The Town of George". Georgetown University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781626163263. OCLC 922572367.

^ "An ACT for establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States". American Memory. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 19, 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ernie Gross (1990). This Day in American History. Neal-Schuman. ISBN 978-1-55570-046-1.

^ ^a ^b ^c Laurence Urdang, ed. (1996). Timetables of American History. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-7432-0261-9.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Evelyn 2008.

^ (1) Steward, John (1898). "Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington, D.C." Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 2: 53. OCLC 40326234 – via Google Books.
(2) Crew, Harvey W.; Webb, William Bensing; Wooldridge, John (1892). IV. Permanent Capital Site Selected. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. pp. 87–88, 101 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Federal Writers' Project 1937: "Chronology"

^ (1) "History of the Chain Bridge". Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from the original on April 2, 2005.
(2) Kapsch, Robert J. (2004). Canals, Volume 1. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-73088-3.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Britannica 1911.

^ Robert Cohen (2013). "History of the Long Railroad Bridge Crossing Across the Potomac River". DC Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Haydn 1910.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-60819-738-5.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Timeline of Washington, D.C. Railroad History". National Railway Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Chapter. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

^ Aaron Brenner; Benjamin Day; Immanuel Ness, eds. (2015) [2009]. "Timeline". Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45707-7.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998

^ (1) Reeves, p. 43.
(2) Harvey, pp. 46–47.

^ John Perry (2010). Lee: A Life of Virtue. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1595550286. OCLC 456177249 – via Google Books..

^ Morton, W. Brown III (February 8, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Smithsonian Institution Building". National Park Service. Retrieved May 11, 2009.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "On This Day", New York Times, retrieved January 4, 2016

^ ^a ^b Nell Irvin Painter (2006). "Timelines". Creating Black Americans: African-American History and Its Meanings, 1619 to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 361+. ISBN 978-0-19-513755-2.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mike Tigas and Sisi Wei, ed. (9 May 2013). "Washington, DC". Nonprofit Explorer. New York: ProPublica. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

^ "Conventions by Year (1869 National Convention of Colored Men held in Washington DC)". Digital Records. Colored Conventions Project. Retrieved November 6, 2022.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ National Park Service 2008.

^ Charles Emerson, 1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War (2013) compares Washington to 20 major world cities; 144–160.

^ Jack Alicoate, ed. (1939), "District of Columbia", Radio Annual, New York: Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636

^ PhD, Duchess Harris, JD (2018-12-15). The March on Washington and Its Legacy. ABDO. ISBN 978-1-5321-7058-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.

^ "Riding the Rails: Timeline of the Great Depression". American Experience. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

^ "Timeline of the Folger Shakespeare Library", Folgerpedia, retrieved April 30, 2016

^ Richard Green (2008). Chronology of International Organizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-35590-6.

^ ^a ^b Charles A. Alicoate, ed. (1960), "Television Stations: Dist. of Columbia", Radio Annual and Television Year Book, New York: Radio Daily Corp., OCLC 10512206

^ "Events", Civil Rights Digital Library, Athens, GA: Digital Library of Georgia (Timeline)

^ ^a ^b "Timeline: History of the Campaign for D.C. Voting Rights". The Washington Post.

^ John Bassett McCleary (2004). "Anti-War Events". The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s. Ten Speed Press. pp. 602+. ISBN 978-1-58008-547-2.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Movie Theaters in Washington, DC". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

^ Ronald B. Frankum Jr. (2011). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7956-0.

^ Andrew F. Smith (2011). "Chronology". Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-39393-8.

^ Christopher Freeze. "The Time a Stolen Helicopter Landed on the White House Lawn – Robert Preston's wild ride". Air & Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved March 22, 2017.

^ "Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: National Park Service: United States Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: Government of the District of Columbia Planning Office. pp. 191–192. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.

^ (1) Elsa Walsh; Barton Gellman (August 23, 1990). "Chasm Divided Jurors in Barry Drug Trial". The Washington Post.
(2) Michael York; Tracy Thompson (October 27, 1990). "Barry Sentenced to 6 Months in Prison;Judge Says Mayor Gave Aid to Drug Culture'". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved August 2, 2008.

^ "DC Mayor Election 1990". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 7, 2016.

^ Michael Janofsky (November 9, 1994). "THE 1994 ELECTIONS: THE NATION THE CAPITAL; Barry Rebounds From Disgrace to Win Again in Washington". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010.

^ (1) Michael Janofsky (April 8, 1995). "Congress Creates Board To Oversee Washington, D.C." The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
(2) "H.R. 1345 (104th): District of Columbia Financial Responsibility and Management Assistance Act of 1995". GovTrack. Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved April 19, 2017.

^ "Official Home Page of The District of Columbia". Archived from the original on December 19, 1996 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.

^ Kristin A. Goss (2006). "Gun control organizations founded 1990-2002". Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1-4008-3775-8.

^ "Washington (city), District of Columbia". State & County QuickFacts. US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

Bibliography[edit]

Alfred Hunter, ed. (1853). Washington and Georgetown Directory. Washington DC: Printed by Kirkwood & McGill. ISBN 9781425540517 – via HathiTrust.

Andrew Boyd, ed. (1860). Boyd's Washington and Georgetown Directory. Washington DC: Taylor and Maury – via Internet Archive.

1864

William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Washington", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949, OCLC 2613202 – via HathiTrust

George Henry Townsend (1877), "Washington", A Manual of Dates (5th ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., hdl:2027/hvd.32044088047865

Boyd, Elizabeth S.; Boyd, Andrew; Boyd, William Henry (1887). Boyd's Directory for the District of Columbia. Washington DC: Wm. H. Boyd. hdl:2027/mdp.39015074642748.

Gannett, Henry (1888). "Washington (1.)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (9th ed.).

Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan (1900). Bibliography of the District of Columbia. Washington: Government Printing Office.

1901

Frederick L. Harvey (1902). History of the Washington National Monument and Washington National Monument Society. Washington, D.C.: Norman K Elliott Printing Co. OCLC 4909191. Retrieved April 19, 2017 – via Google Books.

1903

Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan (1900). Bibliography of the District of Columbia. Washington: Government Printing Office.

Boyd, Elizabeth S.; Boyd, Andrew; Boyd, William Henry (1909). Boyd's Directory for the District of Columbia. Washington DC: R.L. Polk & Co. hdl:2027/mdp.39015006986833.

"Washington (District of Columbia)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 349–352.

Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Washington", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t

Proctor, John Clagett (1922). "Washington (District of Columbia)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 32 (12th ed.).

Federal Writers' Project (1937), "Chronology", Washington, City and Capital, American Guide Series, U.S. Govt. print. off., hdl:2027/mdp.39015007194775

Thomas C. Reeves (February 1975). Gentleman Boss. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-46095-6.

Howard Furer (1975). Washington, a chronological & documentary history, 1790-1970. American Cities Chronology Series. Oceana Publications. ISBN 0379006111.

Alan Lessoff (2000). "Washington, D.C". In Paul Finkelman (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0684805006.

David Goldfield, ed. (2007). "Washington, D.C.". Encyclopedia of American Urban History. Sage. ISBN 978-1-4522-6553-7.

Douglas E. Evelyn; Paul Dickson (2008). "Historical Timeline of Washington DC". On this Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington (3rd ed.). Capital Books. pp. 8–12. ISBN 978-1-933102-70-2.

"Washington, DC Timeline and Historic Plans: Illustrating the Evolution of the 'Monumental Core' of the Nation's Capital" (PDF). US National Park Service. 2008.