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Tongva Sacred Springs (pictured March 2023)
Tovaangar (Tongva : "the world")[1] [2] refers to the Tongva world or homelands. It includes the greater area of the Los Angeles Basin , including the San Gabriel Valley , San Fernando Valley , northern Orange County , parts of San Bernardino County and Riverside County , and the southern Channel Islands , including San Nicholas , Santa Catalina , Santa Barbara , and San Clemente .[3] [4] [5] The homelands of the Chumash are to the northwest, the Tataviam to the north, the Serrano and Cahuilla to the east, and the Acjachemen and Payómkawichum to the south.[3]
The Tongva still build ti'at , plank boats similar to the Chumash tomol (pictured), as part of keeping their cultural practices alive.[6]
Prior to European colonialism , land travel through Tovaangar largely occurred through an extensive network of trails traveled by Indigenous peoples throughout the region . Although not often recognized by name, many of these trails became roads and highways that are now used for automobile travel.[7] One of the most significant was the Mohave trail , which connected Tovaangar to nations in the east along, what the Spanish referred to as, the Colorado River .[8]
Travel over water mainly occurred through tule reed boats for local travel through waterways. For ocean travel, particularly between the mainland and the villages on Pimuu'nga , Kinkipar , and Haraasnga , te'aats or ti'ats were common. These are wooden plank boats built by the Tongva currently in the Ti'at Society that are made air tight with a mixture of asphaltum and hold up to twelve people. A similar boat is the Chumash tomol . The Tongva and Chumash are unique in being the only two nations in the region with plank canoes of this kind.[9] [6]
After the establishment of Spanish missions in California and the California genocide , all of Tovaangar has been taken out of the Tongva's stewardship . The Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy has been established for the rematriation of Tongva homelands.[10] In 2022, a 1-acre site (0.40 ha ) was returned to the conservancy in Altadena , which marked the first time the Tongva had land under their stewardship in Los Angeles County in nearly two-hundred years.[10]
Villages [ edit ]
Los Angeles County [ edit ]
Outskirts
Outskirts
Orange County [ edit ]
San Bernardino County [ edit ]
Riverside County [ edit ]
Channel Islands [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Stewart-Ambo, Theresa (2021). "The Future Is in the Past: How Land-Grab Universities Can Shape the Future of Higher Education" . Native American and Indigenous Studies . 8 (1 ): 162–168. doi :10.1353/nai.2021.a784830 . ISSN 2332-127X .
^ a b Vaughn, Kēhaulani Natsuko; Ambo, Theresa Jean (2022-08-01). "Trans-Indigenous Education: Indigeneity, Relationships, and Higher Education" . Comparative Education Review . 66 (3 ): 508–533. doi :10.1086/720611 . ISSN 0010-4086 . S2CID 249728456 .
^ Hackel, Steven W.; Zerneke, Jeanette; Zappia, Natale. "Early California Cultural Atlas: Visualizing Uncertainties within Indigenous History". Visualizing Uncertainties Within Indigenous History . doi :10.4324/9780429295546-8-9 . ISBN 9780429295546 . S2CID 164246246 . Retrieved 2023-01-01 .
^ Curwen, Thomas (2019-05-09). "Tongva, Los Angeles' first language, opens the door to a forgotten time and place" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2023-01-01 .
^ a b PBS SoCal (4 November 2019). "Rethinking the Coast with the Ti'at Society | Tending Nature | Season 2, Episode 1 | KCET" . YouTube . Retrieved 7 October 2020 .
^ Day, Mark R. (13 September 2018). "Aboriginal Pathways and Trading Routes Were California's First Highways" . ICT . Archived from the original on Jan 2, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-02 .
^ Zappia, Natale A. (2014). Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4696-1585-1 . OCLC 883632043 .
^ Hein, Frank J.; de la Rosa, Carlos L. (2013). Wild Catalina Island: Natural Secrets and Ecological Triumphs . Charleston, SC: History Press. ISBN 978-1-61423-918-5 . OCLC 944514536 .
^ a b Valdez, Jonah (2022-10-10). "After nearly 200 years, the Tongva community has land in Los Angeles County" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2023-01-03 .
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tovaangar&oldid=1219725125 "
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● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
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