Verpa bohemica is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. The synonymPtychoverpa bohemica is often used by European mycologists and it is commonly known as the early morel or the wrinkled thimble-cap. The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble-shaped cap—2 to 4 cm (3⁄4to1+5⁄8in) in diameter by 2 to 5 cm (3⁄4 to 2 in) long—that has a surface wrinkled and ribbed with brain-like convolutions. A feature distinguishing the species from true morels (genus Morchella), the cap hangs free from the top of the stem, which is lighter in color, brittle, and up to 12 cm (4+3⁄4in) long by 1 to 2.5 cm (3⁄8 to 1 in) thick. Microscopically, the mushroom is distinguished by its large spores, typically 60–80 by 15–18 μm, and the presence of only two spores per ascus.
Verpa bohemica is found in northern North America, Europe, and Asia. It fruits in early spring, growing on the ground in woods following the snowmelt, before the appearance of true morels. Although widely considered edible, if incorrectly prepared, consumption of the mushroom may lead to poisoning in susceptible individuals; symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination.
The species was first described in the scientific literature by the Czech physician and mycologist Julius Vincenz von Krombholz in 1828, under the name Morchella bohemica.[2] The German naturalist Joseph Schröter transferred it to the genus Verpa in 1893.[3]Ptychoverpa bohemica is a synonym that was published by Frenchman Jean Louis Émile Boudier in his 1907 treatise on the Discomycetes of Europe;[4] the name is still occasionally used, especially in European publications.[5] Boudier believed that the large, curved ascospores and the rare and short paraphyses were sufficiently distinct to warrant a new genus to contain the single species.[4][6]Ptychoverpa has also been classified as a sectionofVerpa.[7] The section is characterized by the presence of thick longitudinal ridges on the cap that can be simple or forked.[8] The species was first discovered in Canada by Alfred Brooker Klugh shortly before 1910[9] where it was referred to by another synonym, Morchella bispora.[10][11]
The specific epithetbohemica refers to Bohemia (now a part of the Czech Republic),[12] where Krombholz originally collected the species.[2] The mushroom is commonly known as the "early morel",[13] "early false morel", or the "wrinkled thimble-cap".[14]Ptychoverpa is derived from the Ancient Greekptyx (genitive form ptychos), meaning "fold", layer", or "plate".[15]
The cap of this fungus (known technically as an apothecium) is 2 to 4 centimetres (3⁄4to1+5⁄8 inches) in diameter by 2 to 5 cm (3⁄4 to 2 in) long, with a conical or bell shape. It is folded into longitudinal ridges that often fuse together (anastomose) in a vein-like network. The cap is attached to the stem at the top only—hanging from the top of the stipe, with the lobed edge free from the stem—and varies in color from yellowish brown to reddish brown; the underside of the cap is pale. The stemis6 to 12 cm (2+3⁄8to4+3⁄4in) long by 1 to 2.5 cm (3⁄8 to 1 in) thick, cream-white in color, and tapers upward so that the stem is thicker at the base than at the top.[16] Although the stem is initially loosely stuffed with cottony hyphae, it eventually becomes hollow in maturity; overall, the mushroom is rather fragile.[17] The spore deposit is yellow, and the flesh is white.[18]
Relative to other typical mushroom species, the sporesofV. bohemica are huge, typically measuring 60–80 by 15–18 μm. They are elliptical, smooth, sometimes curved, and appear hyaline (translucent) to yellowish.[16] The spores, which number two (more rarely three)[19] per ascus are characteristic for this species.[13] The smooth, elliptical asci measure 275–350 μm long by 16–23 μm wide.[20] The British-Canadian mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald Buller determined that the asci are heliotropic—they bend toward light. As he noted, "I cut transverse sections though their pilei, examined these sections under the microscope, and at once perceived that in all the hymenial grooves and depressions the asci were curved outwards so that their opercula must have faced the strongest rays of light to which the ends of the asci has been subjected in the places where the fruit-bodies developed."[21] This response to the stimulus of light is significant because it permits a fruit body to point and later discharge its asci towards open spaces, thus increasing the chances that the spores will be dispersed by wind.[21] The paraphyses are thick and club-shaped, with diameters of 7–8 μm at their tips.[22]
Stems of young fruit bodies are initially stuffed with soft, cottony tissue.
Lookalike species include the half-free morel (left) and Verpa conica (right).
The closely related Verpa conica typically has a smooth cap, but it can be wrinkled; V. conica may be distinguished microscopically by its eight-spored asci.[23] Its North American range extends much further south than V. bohemica.[20]
Another similar group of species are the "half-free" morels, e.g. Morchella semilibera, M. populiphila, and M. punctipes.[24] These typically have a honeycombed cap attached to the stalk for about half of its length, and with ridges that are darker than the pits. In cross-section, the stem of M. semilibera stem is hollow, while that of V. bohemica usually has cottony wisps;[5]M. semilibera usually has vertical perforations near the base, while V. bohemica does not.[25]
Verpa bohemica may be reliably distinguished from all similar species by its much larger spores.[25]
The fungus has a wide distribution throughout northern North America;[5] its range extends south to the Great Lakes in the Midwestern United States, and south to northern California on the West Coast.[20] In Europe, the fungus is widely distributed, and has been collected from Austria,[26] the Czech Republic,[27] Denmark,[26] Finland,[28] Germany,[29] Norway,[30] Poland,[31] Russia, [32] Romania, Slovenia,[26] Spain,[26] Sweden,[33] and Ukraine.[34] In Asia, it has been recorded from India[35] and Turkey.[36]
The fruit bodies of V. bohemica grow singly or scattered on the ground in woods in early spring, often before the appearance of the morel, and throughout the morel season.[5] It is often found along riverbanks, near cottonwoods, willows and aspens, often buried in plant litter.[14] The fungus prefers to fruit in moist areas with ample sunlight.[37] Its minimum growth temperature is 3 °C (37 °F), with an optimum of 22 °C (72 °F), and a maximum of about 30 °C (86 °F).[38] A study of carbon and nitrogenisotope ratios indicated that Verpa bohemicaissaprobic, that is, obtaining nutrients from decomposing organic matter.[39] It has been suggested, however, that the fungus is mycorrhizal for at least part of its life cycle.[40]
Despite being sold (usually frozen) in Russia, the edibilityofVerpa is debated. Although it is eaten by many, consumption of large amounts in a single sitting, or on successive days, has been reported to cause poisoning in susceptible individuals.[43] Symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination, similar to the effects reported by some individuals after consuming the false morel species Gyromitra esculenta.[19] The responsible toxin in G. esculentaisgyromitrin; it was suspected that V. bohemica may be able to synthesize low levels of the toxin,[44] but this has yet to be experimentally detected.[45] Overconsumption of the mushroom has been reported to induce coma.[46] There are also reports of alcohol intolerance (disulfiram-like reaction) after consumption.[47]
According to one report, the edibility of Verpa is similar to that of Morchella.[45] It should always be cooked thoroughly and, if being eaten for the first time, restricted to small portions to test tolerance.[13] Some advocate only eating the caps and discarding the stems.[48] Opinions on the flavor of the mushrooms vary, ranging from "strong but not on a par with true morels",[23] to "pleasant",[18] to "not distinctive".[5]
^ abAmmirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 214. ISBN0-295-96480-4.
^Svrček M. (1981).『Katalog operkulátních diskomycetů (Pezizales) Československa II. (O-W)』[List of operculate discomycetes Pezizales recorded from Czechoslovakia 2. O-W]. Ceska Mykologie (in Czech). 35 (2): 64–89.
^Often A, Torkelsen AE (1990). "Ptychoverpa bohemica new record found in South Norway". Blyttia (in Norwegian). 48 (4): 173–5. ISSN0006-5269.
^Skirgiello A. (1960).『Discomycètes de printemps de Bialowieza』[Spring Discomycetes of Bialowieza]. Monographiae Botanicae (in French). 10 (2): 3–19.
^Skryabina AA. (1975). "Fructification of some species of edible fungi from the family Helvellaceae in the Slobodsky Roan of the Kirov Oblast". Rastitel'nye Resursy. 11 (4): 552–5. ISSN0033-9946.
^Ryman S. (1978). "Swedish Pezizales of spring and early summer". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 72 (4): 327–40. ISSN0039-646X.
^Minter DW, Hayova VP, Minter TJ, Tykhonenko YY. "Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) J. Schröt". Electronic Distribution Maps of Ukrainian Fungi. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Wani W, Pala SA, Boda RH, Mir RA (2010). "Morels in Southern Kashmir Himalya". Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology. 40 (4): 540–6. ISSN0971-9393.
^Dogan HH, Ozturk C, Kasik G, Aktas S (2007). "Macrofungi distribution of Mut province in Turkey". Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39 (1): 293–308. ISSN0556-3321.
^Skirgiello A. (1967).『Materiały do poznania rozmieszczenia geograficznego grzybów wyższych w Europie. II』[Contribution to the knowledge of geographical distribution of higher fungi in Europe: II]. Acta Mycologica (in Polish). 3: 243–9.
^Krivosheina NP. (2008). "Macromycete fruit bodies as a habitat for dipterans (Insecta, Diptera)". Entomological Review. 88 (7): 778–92. doi:10.1134/S0013873808070038.
^Orr DB, Orr RT (1979). Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 36. ISBN0-520-03656-5.