Jump to content

Main menu Navigation ●Main page ●Contents ●Current events ●Random article ●About Wikipedia ●Contact us ●Donate Contribute ●Help ●Learn to edit ●Community portal ●Recent changes ●Upload file

●Create account ●Log in ●Create account ● Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more ●Contributions ●Talk

(Top) 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative 3.1 Features 3.2 Occurrence 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Voiceless retroflex fricative

●Alemannisch ●বাংলা ●閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú ●Български ●Brezhoneg ●Čeština ●Deutsch ●Español ●فارسی ●Français ●한국어 ●Bahasa Indonesia ●Italiano ●עברית ●Limburgs ●Magyar ●Bahasa Melayu ●Nederlands ●日本語 ●Polski ●Português ●Română ●Русский ●Simple English ●Српски / srpski ●Svenska ●ไทย ●Türkçe ●Українська ●Vèneto ●中文 Edit links ●Article ●Talk ●Read ●Edit ●View history Tools Actions ●Read ●Edit ●View history General ●What links here ●Related changes ●Upload file ●Special pages ●Permanent link ●Page information ●Cite this page ●Get shortened URL ●Download QR code ●Wikidata item Print/export ●Download as PDF ●Printable version Appearance From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative)

IPA Number 136

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity (decimal) ʂ

Unicode (hex) U+0282

X-SAMPA s`

Braille

Image

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.

Features[edit]

Schematic mid-sagittal section

Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:

Its manner of articulationissibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulationisretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanismispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].

The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		амш/amš	[amʂ]	'day'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		пшъашъэ/pšáša	[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]^ⓘ	'girl'	Laminal.
Chinese	Mandarin	石/shí	[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]	'stone'	Apical. See Mandarin phonology
Emilian-Romagnol	Romagnol	sé	[ˈʂĕ]	'yes'	Apical; may be [s̺ʲ]or[ʃ] instead.
Faroese		fýrs	[fʊʂ]	'eighty'
Faroese		bert	[pɛɻ̊ʈ]	'only'	Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.^[2] See Faroese phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	कष्ट/kašť	[ˈkəʂʈ]	'trouble'	See Hindi phonology
Kannada		ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa	[kɐʂʈɐ]	'difficult'	Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology.
Kazakh		шағын, şağın	[ʂɑɣɯn]	'small, compact'	See Kazakh phonology
Khanty	Most northern dialects	шаш/šaš	[ʂɑʂ]	'knee'	Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects.
Lower Sorbian^[3]^[4]		glažk	[ˈɡläʂk]	'glass'
Malayalam		കഷ്ടം/kaštam	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Malayalam phonology
Mapudungun^[5]		trukur	[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]	'fog'	Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.^[5]
Marathi		ऋषी/reši	[r̩ʂiː]	'sage'	See Marathi phonology
Nepali		षष्ठी/sóšthi	[sʌʂʈʰi]	'Shashthi (day)'	Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian		norsk	[nɔʂk]	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology
Oʼodham		Cuk-Ṣon	[tʃʊk ʂɔn]	Tucson
Pashto	Southern dialect	ښودل/šodël	[ʂodəl]	'to show'
Polish	Standard^[6]	szum	[ʂ̻um]^ⓘ	'rustle'	After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.^[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[8]	schowali	[ʂxɔˈväli]	'they hid'	Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie).
	Suwałki dialect^[9]	schowali	[ʂxɔˈväli]	'they hid'
Romanian	Moldavian dialects^[10]	șură	['ʂurə]	'barn'	Apical.^[10] See Romanian phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[10]	șură	['ʂurə]	'barn'	Apical.^[10] See Romanian phonology
Russian^[6]		шут/šut	[ʂut̪]	'jester'	See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[11]^[12]		шал / šal	[ʂȃ̠l]	'scarf'	Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak^[13]		šatka	[ˈʂätkä]	'kerchief'
Swedish		fors	[fɔʂ]	'rapids'	Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
Tamil		கஷ்டம்/kaštham	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu		కష్టం/kaštam	[kɐʂʈɐm]	'difficult'	Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology
Toda^[14]			[pɔʂ]	'(clan name)'	Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.^[15]
Torwali^[16]		šeš/ݜیݜ	[ʂeʂ]	'thin rope'
Ubykh			[ʂ̺a]	'head'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		шахи/šahy	[ˈʂɑxɪ]	'chess'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects^[17]^[18]	^{[example needed]}	—	—	Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.^[3]
Vietnamese	Southern dialects^[19]	sữa	[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]	'milk'	See Vietnamese phonology
Yi		ꏂ/shy	[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]	'gold'
Yurok^[20]		segep	[ʂɛɣep]	'coyote'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[21]	^{[example needed]}	—	—	Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u].

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative[edit]

Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ̝̊
ɻ̊˔
ʈ˕
IPA Number	152 402B 429
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_0_r

Voiceless retroflex approximant
ɻ̊
IPA Number	152 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_0

Features[edit]

Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Its manner of articulationisfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulationisretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanismispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Angami^[22]		ɻ̥ə³	[ɻ̥ə˨]	'to plan'	Contrasts with /ɻ/
Chokri^[23]		[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]		'sew'	In free variation with /χ/; contrasts with /ɻ/
Ormuri^[24]^[25]	Kaniguram dialect	suř	[suɻ̝̊]	'red'	Usually corresponds to /ʃ/ in the Logar dialect

Notes[edit]

^ Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. [online] Available at: http://phoible.org/parameters.

^ Árnason (2011), p. 115.

^ ^a ^b Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 40–41

^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181, 190–191.

^ ^a ^b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.

^ ^a ^b Hamann (2004), p. 65

^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-06.

^ Taras, Barbara. "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.

^ Karaś, Halina. "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13.

^ ^a ^b ^c Pop (1938), p. 31.

^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.

^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.

^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 168.

^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.

^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 41.

^ Zygis (2003), p. 180.

^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

^ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 7 January 2017.

^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.

^ Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993). "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (2): 87.

^ Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001). "Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 24 (2): 85–122. Retrieved 28 December 2016.

^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013). "Other Eastern Iranian Languages". Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation). Prague: Charles University. p. 59. This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically [ɻ̝̊]: voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī languages

^ Efimov, V. A. (2011). Baart, Joan L. G. (ed.). The Ormuri Language in Past and Present. Translated by Baart, Joan L. G. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives. ISBN 978-969-9437-02-1. ...and ř for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using ṣ̌ʳ to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler ṛ̌.

References[edit]

Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4

Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8

Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved 2015-04-09

Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162

Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell

Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington

Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344

Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj

Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369

Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina

Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232

Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives", ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191

Kordić, Snježana (2006), Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-161-1

Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links[edit]

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA

Special topics

Encodings

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

IPA help

audio

full chart

template

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥