逆選抜

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

: Adverse selection

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1970調[2][2]使

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契約理論[編集]


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シグナリングとスクリーニング[編集]


[34]eBayeBay[35]

[36]使[36]

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レモン法[編集]

レモン法は、買い手が欠陥商品を購入した場合の消費者保護の一形態として機能する。通常は自動車に適用されるが、レモン法はほとんどの消費財にも使用される。このような規制は、製造業者が欠陥商品を故意に販売する事例を減らすために制定された。レモン法は国によって異なるが、一般的に、売り手に商品の買い戻しまたは交換を要求する。例えば、テキサス州の欺瞞的取引慣行法では、消費者が欠陥商品を購入した結果、取引時に売り手が情報を隠していたために損害を被った場合、消費者は三倍の損害賠償を請求することができる。このように、政府規制は、売り手が関係者間の情報の非対称性を利用することを抑止する役割を果たす。これにより、逆選抜の問題が軽減される。なぜなら、レモン法によって保護されていることを知っている買い手は、以前は利用可能な情報が不足していたために行わなかった取引を行う可能性が高くなるからだ。

保証[編集]

売り手が販売しようとする製品の保証を提供することで、製品に関する私的情報を買い手に間接的に伝えることができる。保証は、製品の品質に対する売り手の自信に関する情報を、製品の保証として機能することで伝達するのに役立つ[37]。一般的な例は中古車市場であり、売り手自身が提供する保証とは別に、買い手はサードパーティの企業から保険の形で追加の保証を購入することができる。

モラル・ハザード[編集]



逆選抜とモラル・ハザード
主な違い 逆選抜 モラル・ハザード
情報の非対称性の対象 個人のタイプ 個人の行動
バイアスを引き起こす時期 契約締結前 契約締結後

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出典[編集]

  1. ^ Akerlof, George A. (1978). “The market for 'lemons': Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism”. Uncertainty in Economics. pp. 235–251. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-214850-7.50022-X. ISBN 978-0-12-214850-7 
  2. ^ a b c d Akerlof, George A. (August 1970). “The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (3): 488–500. doi:10.2307/1879431. JSTOR 1879431. 
  3. ^ a b "Royal Insurance—Statistics of its Operations", The Railway Times and Joint-Stock Chronicle, London, 23:38:1071 (22 September 1860): "...such a selection continuing to be exercised will tend to neutralize the adverse effects of the exercise of selection which is possessed on the other hand by the assurer against the company"
  4. ^ "The Insurance of Female Lives", The Chronicle (Chicago), 7:14:213 (6 April 1871)
  5. ^ O'Neill, Siobhan; Posada-Villa, Jose; Medina-Mora, Maria Elena; Al-Hamzawi, Ali Obaid; Piazza, Marina; Tachimori, Hisateru; Hu, Chiyi; Lim, Carmen et al. (March 2014). “Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent self-reported diagnosis of cancer”. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 76 (3): 207–212. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.12.012. PMC 5129659. PMID 24529039. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5129659/. 
  6. ^ Kerschbamer, Rudolf; Neururer, Daniel; Sutter, Matthias (5 July 2016). “Insurance coverage of customers induces dishonesty of sellers in markets for credence goods”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (27): 7454–7458. Bibcode2016PNAS..113.7454K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518015113. PMC 4941439. PMID 27325784. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4941439/. 
  7. ^ Polborn, Mattias K.; Hoy, Michael; Sadanand, Asha (1 January 2006). “Advantageous Effects of Regulatory Adverse Selection in the Life Insurance Market”. The Economic Journal 116 (508): 327–354. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01059.x. 
  8. ^ a b Orentlicher, David (22 September 2010). “Cost Containment and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act”. FIU Law Review 6 (1). doi:10.25148/lawrev.6.1.7. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2103&context=facpub. 
  9. ^ Kautter, John; Pope, Gregory; Keenan, Patricia (2014). “Affordable Care Act Risk Adjustment: Overview, Context, and Challenges”. Medicare 4 (3): E1–E11. doi:10.5600/mmrr.004.03.a02. PMC 4214269. PMID 25364625. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214269/. 
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  11. ^ Chiappori, P. A.; Salanie, B. (2000). “Testing for Asymmetric Information in Insurance Markets”. Journal of Political Economy英語版 108 (1): 56–78. doi:10.1086/262111. 
  12. ^ Dionne, G.; Gouriéroux, C.; Vanasse, C. (2001). “Testing for Evidence of Adverse Selection in the Automobile Insurance Market: A Comment”. Journal of Political Economy 109 (2): 444–453. doi:10.1086/319557. 
  13. ^ Cardon, J. H.; Hendel, I. (2001). “Asymmetric information in health insurance: evidence from the National Medical Expenditure Survey”. RAND Journal of Economics 32 (3): 408–427. doi:10.2307/2696362. JSTOR 2696362. PMID 11800005. 
  14. ^ Cutler, David M.; Zeckhauser, Richard J. (1 January 1998). “Adverse Selection in Health Insurance”. Forum for Health Economics & Policy 1 (1). doi:10.2202/1558-9544.1056. http://www.nber.org/papers/w6107.pdf. 
  15. ^ Finkelstein, A.; McGarry, K. (2006). “Multiple dimensions of private information: evidence from the long-term care insurance market”. American Economic Review 96 (4): 938–958. doi:10.1257/aer.96.4.938. JSTOR 30034325. PMC 3022330. PMID 21253439. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3022330/. 
  16. ^ Finkelstein, A.; Poterba, J. (2004). “Adverse selection in insurance markets: policyholder evidence from the UK annuity market”. Journal of Political Economy 112 (1): 183–208. doi:10.1086/379936. http://www.nber.org/papers/w8045.pdf. 
  17. ^ Hemenway, D. (1990). “Propitious selection”. Quarterly Journal of Economics英語版 105 (4): 1063–1069. doi:10.2307/2937886. JSTOR 2937886. 
  18. ^ De Meza, D.; Webb, D. C. (2001). “Advantageous selection in insurance markets”. RAND Journal of Economics 32 (2): 249–262. doi:10.2307/2696408. JSTOR 2696408. 
  19. ^ Viscusi, W. K.; Hersch, J. (2001). “Cigarette smokers as job risk takers”. Review of Economics and Statistics 83 (2): 269–280. doi:10.1162/00346530151143806. hdl:1803/6284. 
  20. ^ Thomas, R. G. (2008). “Loss coverage as a public policy objective for risk classification schemes”. Journal of Risk & Insurance 75 (4): 997–1018. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6975.2008.00294.x. 
  21. ^ Myers, Stewart C.; Majluf, Nicholas S. (1984). “Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have”. Journal of Financial Economics 13 (2): 187–221. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(84)90023-0. hdl:1721.1/2068. 
  22. ^ Braido, Luis H. B.; da Costa, Carlos E.; Dahlby, Bev (2011). “Adverse Selection and Risk Aversion in Capital Markets”. FinanzArchiv 67 (4): 303–326. doi:10.1628/001522111X614141. JSTOR 41472630. https://sites.ualberta.ca/~econwps/2009/wp2009-15.pdf. 
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  24. ^ Bolton, Patrick; Dewatripont, Matthias (2005). Contract theory. MIT Press 
  25. ^ Hart, Oliver; Holmström, Bengt (1989). “The theory of contracts”. In Bewley, Truman F.. Advances in Economic Theory: Fifth World Congress. CUP Archive. pp. 71–155. ISBN 978-0-521-38925-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=8os5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71 
  26. ^ Schmitz, Patrick W. (February 2021). “Contracting under adverse selection: Certifiable vs. uncertifiable information”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 182: 100–112. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.038. 
  27. ^ Myerson, Roger B; Satterthwaite, Mark A (April 1983). “Efficient mechanisms for bilateral trading”. Journal of Economic Theory 29 (2): 265–281. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(83)90048-0. hdl:10419/220829. http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/469.pdf. 
  28. ^ Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2015). “Do sellers offer menus of contracts to separate buyer types? An experimental test of adverse selection theory”. Games and Economic Behavior 89: 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2014.11.001. 
  29. ^ Chiappori, Pierre-Andre; Salanie, Bernard (2002). "Testing Contract Theory: A Survey of Some Recent Work". SSRN 318780
  30. ^ a b Marquez, Robert (2002). “Competition, Adverse Selection, and Information Dispersion in the Banking Industry”. The Review of Financial Studies 15 (3): 901–926. doi:10.1093/rfs/15.3.901. JSTOR 2696725. 
  31. ^ Dong, Baomin; Guo, Guixia (2011). “The relationship banking paradox: No pain no gain versus raison d'être”. Economic Modelling 28 (5): 2263. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2011.06.009. 
  32. ^ Chari, V. V.; Shourideh, Ali; Zetlin-Jones, Ariel (1 December 2014). “Reputation and Persistence of Adverse Selection in Secondary Loan Markets”. American Economic Review 104 (12): 4027–4070. doi:10.1257/aer.104.12.4027. ProQuest 1629675912. http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/app/10412/20110580_app.pdf. 
  33. ^ Dulleck, Uwe; Kerschbamer, Rudolf; Sutter, Matthias (1 April 2011). “The Economics of Credence Goods: An Experiment on the Role of Liability, Verifiability, Reputation, and Competition”. American Economic Review 101 (2): 526–555. doi:10.1257/aer.101.2.526. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/75882/1/75882%28pub%29.pdf. 
  34. ^ Mailath, George J.; Samuelson, Larry (2001). “Who Wants a Good Reputation?”. The Review of Economic Studies 68 (2): 415–441. doi:10.1111/1467-937X.00175. JSTOR 2695935. 
  35. ^ Saeedi, Maryam (2019). “Reputation and adverse selection: theory and evidence from eBay”. The RAND Journal of Economics 50 (4): 822–853. doi:10.1111/1756-2171.12297. 
  36. ^ a b c Lee, Wayne L.; Thakor, Anjan V.; Vora, Gautam (1983). “Screening, Market Signalling, and Capital Structure Theory”. The Journal of Finance 38 (5): 1507–1518. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1983.tb03837.x. 
  37. ^ Hollis, Aidan (1999). “Extended Warranties, Adverse Selection, and Aftermarkets”. The Journal of Risk and Insurance 66 (3): 321–343. doi:10.2307/253551. JSTOR 253551. 
  38. ^ Benjamin, John D.; Lusht, Kenneth M.; Shilling, James D. (1998). “What Do Rental Contracts Reveal About Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in Rental Housing Markets?”. Real Estate Economics 26 (2): 309–329. doi:10.1111/1540-6229.00747. 

参考文献[編集]

関連項目[編集]

外部リンク[編集]