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Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, Hainanese Pinyin: Hhai3 nam2 ue1, simplified Chinese: 海南话; traditional Chinese: 海南話; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà), also known as Qiongwen (simplified Chinese: 琼文话; traditional Chinese: 瓊文話), Qiongyu (琼语; 瓊語) or Hainan Min (海南闽语; 海南閩語) [6] is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the far southern Chinese island province of Hainan and regional Overseas Chinese communities such as in Singapore and Thailand.
| Hainanese | |
|---|---|
| Qiongwen, Hainan Min | |
| 海南話, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe | |
| Pronunciation | [hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect) |
| Native to | China, Singapore, Thailand |
| Region | Hainan |
| Ethnicity | Hainanese |
Native speakers | Around 5 million in China (2002)[1] |
| |
Early forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Chinese characters[citation needed] Hainan Romanized | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (hnm is proposed[5]) |
| Glottolog | hain1238 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-k |
Hainanese | |
 Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan. | |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, being mutually unintelligible with other Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien–Taiwanese and Teochew.[7] In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[8] Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.[9] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.
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The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,[10] with the Wenchang dialect being the prestige dialect, and often used as a reference.[11]
Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of Wenchang, Haikou and Banqiao.[10] For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolo- palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/[i] 爸pa |
/t/ 洗 toi |
/k/ 公 kong |
/ʔ/ 啊a | ||
| aspirated | /pʰ/[i][ii] 婆 pho |
/tʰ/[i] |
/kʰ/[i][ii] 去 khu |
||||
| voiced | /b/[iii] |
/d/[iii] |
/g/[iv] 我 gua |
||||
| implosive | /ɓ/[iii][ii] 北 ɓak |
/ɗ/[iii][ii] 茶 ɗei |
(/ɠ/)[v] |
||||
| Affricate | voiceless | /ts/[i][ii] | /tɕ/[iv] 食 tsia |
||||
| aspirated | /tsʰ/[i] | ||||||
| voiced | /dz/[i] |
/dʑ/[iv] 日 jit |
|||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /ɸ/[iv] 皮fi |
/θ/[i] |
/s/ 事 sei |
/ɕ/[iv][ii] | /x/ |
/h/ 海 hai |
| voiced | /v/[i][ii] 文 vun |
/z/[ii] 欲 zok |
/ɦ/[iv] | ||||
| Nasal | /m/ 目 mak |
/n/ 念 niam |
/ŋ/ 乐 ngak |
||||
| Approximant | /w/[iv] 发 wat |
/l/ 老 lao |
/j/[iv] 肉 yok |
||||
Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of implosive consonants, /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai. However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Teochew and other varieties of Southern Min, lack them.[10]
The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular:[10]
Additionally, [ʑ] is an allophone of /j/.
These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.
| Chinese character | Mandarin | Taiwanese Hokkien | Haikou Hainanese | Sino-Vietnamese |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 邪 | xié | siâ | dia2 | da |
| 仙 | xiān | sian | din1 | tiên |
| 散 | sàn | suànn | dan4 | tàn |
| 跡 | jì | jiak | di1 | tích |
| 神 | shén | sîn | din2 | thần |
| 痴 | chī | chi | si1 | si |
Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels [citation needed].
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /u/ | |
| Close-mid | /e/ | /o/ | |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ | |
| Open | /a/ |
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yin ping (阴平) | ˨˦ (24) | 诗 |
| 2 | yang ping (阳平) | ˨˩ (21) | 时 |
| 3 | yin shang (阴上) | ˨˩˩ (211) | 死 |
| 4 | yin qu (阴去) | ˧˥ (35) | 四 |
| 5 | yang qu (阳去) | ˧ (33) | 是 |
| 6 | yin ru (阴入) | ˥ (5) | 失 |
| 7 | yang ru (阳入) | ˧ (3) | 实 |
| 8 | chang ru (长入) | ˥ (55) | 视 |
Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.
| IPA | Hainanese Pinyin | Bǽh-oe-tu | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| /ɓ/ | b | b | 北 |
| /p/ | b | p | 波 |
| /pʰ/ | p | ph | 坡 |
| /ɸ/ | p | f | 皮 |
| /m/ | m | m | 摩 |
| /b/ | v | b | ? |
| /v/ | v | v | 无 |
| /t/ | d | t | 装 |
| /ɗ/ | dd | d | 刀 |
| /n/ | n | n | 挪 |
| /l/ | l | l | 罗 |
| /k/ | g | k | 哥 |
| /ŋ/ | ng | g | 俄 |
| /x/ | h | kh | 可 |
| /h/ | hh | h | 号 |
| /ɠ/ | gh | g | 我 |
| /ts/ | z | c | 支 |
| /s/ | s | s | 妻 |
| /z/ | y | j | 余 |
| IPA | Hainanese Pinyin | Bǽh-oe-tu | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | a | a | 亚 |
| /o/ | o | o | 荷 |
| /ɛ/ | e | e | 摩 |
| /i/ | i | i | 医 |
| /u/ | u | u | 呜 |
| ai | ai | ai | 哀 |
| ɔi | oi | oi | 鞋 |
| au | ao | au | 喉 |
| ia | ia | ia | 也 |
| iɔ | io | io | 腰 |
| ua | ua | oa | 换 |
| ue | ue | oe | 话 |
| ui | ui | oi | 威 |
| uai | uai | oai | 坏 |
| ɔu | ou | ou | 黑 |
| iu | iu | iu | 柚 |
| iau | iao | iau | 妖 |
| iam | iam | iam | 厌 |
| im | im | im | 音 |
| am | am | am | 暗 |
| an | an | an | 安 |
| in | in | in | 烟 |
| un | un | un | 温 |
| uan | uan | oan | 弯 |
| aŋ | ang | ag | 红 |
| eŋ | eng | eg | 英 |
| ɔŋ | ong | og | 翁 |
| iaŋ | iang | iag | 央 |
| uaŋ | uang | oag | 汪 |
| iɔŋ | iong | iog | 匈 |
| ip | ib | ib | 邑 |
| iap | iab | iab | 协 |
| at | ad | at | 遏 |
| it | id | it | 乙 |
| ut | ud | ut | 核 |
| uat | uad | oat | 挖 |
| ak | ag | ak | 鹤 |
| ek | eg | ek | 益 |
| ok | og | ok | 喔 |
| iok | iog | iok | 育 |
| uak | uag | oak | 廓 |
| -ʔ | -h | -h | 不 |
他组织演出琼语话剧《海南四条街》，搬上新琼舞台，引起两地海南人的共鸣。
*Xu and Yang regard [g] (their gz) as an implosive, but it sounds like a regular [g] to me. I presume Li Fang-kuei also heard a regular [g], as he only reported two implosives in Haina[n]ese: [ɓ ɗ].
