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Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.^[3]

Haplogroup F

Possible time of origin	43,400 YBP^[1]
Possible place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	R9
Descendants	F1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations	249d, 6392, 10310^[2]

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

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The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).^[4] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).^[8] It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Subclades

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F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk BashkirsofPerm Oblast and CroatsofHvar Island.^[5]^[9]

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.^[10]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.^[11] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoplesofTaiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

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This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[2] and subsequent published research.

F
- F* – China, Korea^[12]
- F1
  - F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province^[13]), China, Korea,^[12] Kazakhstan
    - F1a – China, Korea,^[12] Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia^[14]
      - F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province^[13]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
        
        F1a1 – Japan, Korea,^[12] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
        
        F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
        
        F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
        
        F1a1b – Japan, Korea
        
        F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
        
        F1a1c1 – Moken
        
        F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
        
        F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
        
        F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
        
        F1a4
        
        F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
        
        F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province^[13]), South Africa
        
        F1a4b – China
      - F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
        
        F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province^[13]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
      - F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
        
        F1a3a – Filipino (Lipa City), Indonesia
        
        F1a3a1 – Japan
        
        F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
        
        F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
        
        F1a3a3 – Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
    - F1c – Japan
      - F1c1 – Japan
        
        F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province^[13])
        
        F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
        
        F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
        
        F1c1a1b – China
        
        F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
    - F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
  - F1-T16189C!
    - F1b - Korea,^[12] Japan, Mongolia,^[14] China (North China)
      - F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
        
        F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
        
        F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)^[15]
        
        F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1a1a1a – Japan
        
        F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1a1a3 – Japan
        
        F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
        
        F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
        
        F1b1d – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
        
        F1b1e1 – Yakut
        
        F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
    - F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province^[13]), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
      - F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%),^[10] Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province^[13]), China, Japan, South Africa
    - F1e
      - F1e1 – China (North China), Mongolia
        
        F1e1a – Japan
      - F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
      - F1e3 – China (Guangdong, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane^[13]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province^[13]), Sumatra, Vietnam (Kinh)
    - F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province^[13]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
      - F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)^[10]
- F2
  - F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane^[13]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
  - F2a'b'g
    - F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,^[12] Japan, Kazakhstan
      - F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor),^[16] Yi, Tibetan
      - F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)^[16]
      - F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia^[16]
    - F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
      - F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province^[13]), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic),^[17] Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic),^[17] Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)^[10]
    - F2g – China, Ladakh
  - F2c – China
    - F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
    - F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
  - F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province^[13]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
  - F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province^[13]), Vietnam (Dao)
    - F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
  - F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara),^{[citation needed]} Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
  - F2h'i – China
    - F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province^[13])
    - F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
- F3 (formerly R9a)
  - F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
    - F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,^[18] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province^[13]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
  - F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,^[12] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
    - F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
      - F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
        
        F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
        
        F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
      - F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
        
        F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
- F4
  - F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea^[12]
    - F4a1
      - F4a1a – Japan, China (Han from Lanzhou,^[18] She), Taiwan
      - F4a1b – China, Japan
    - F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang^[13]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province^[13])
  - F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province^[13])
    - F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

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Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)	0.771	35	^[11]	F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia)	0.442	52	^[19]	F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.433	30	^[11]	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.415	82	^[4]	F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)	0.344	32	^[11]	F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.333	15	^[11]	F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.313	32	^[20]	F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.300	20	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan)	0.290	31	^{[citation needed]}	F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.286	42	^[20]	F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.273	11	^[20]	F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.269	26	^[20]	F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.263	19	^[11]	F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.263	19	^[20]	F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese	0.262	42	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines)	0.253	640	^{[citation needed]}	F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.250	68	^[11]	F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)	0.250	44	^[19]	F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.250	16	^[21]	F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.250	16	^[11]	F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.246	57	^[4]	F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.244	45	^[11]	F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.240	25	^[20]	F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket	0.237	38	^[22]	F=9
Han (Beijing)	0.225	40	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.220	91	^{[citation needed]}	F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)	0.219	137	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.212	33	^[11]	F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.207	29	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.207	29	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.200	35	^[20]	F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)	0.200	50	^[19]	F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian	0.200	40	^{[citation needed]}	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai	0.200	40	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=8
Li (Hainan)	0.197	346	^{[citation needed]}	F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang)	0.191	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand	0.190	105	^[23]	F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.189	37	^[11]	F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California)	0.187	390	^{[citation needed]}	F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)	0.184	49	^{[citation needed]}	F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.179	28	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan)	0.175	1117	^{[citation needed]}	F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)	0.174	121	^{[citation needed]}	F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.167	18	^[11]	F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.167	30	^[11]	F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.161	31	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Nepal (Newar)	0.155		^[10]	F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1%
CHD (Han from Denver)	0.151	73	^{[citation needed]}	F=11
Filipino (Palawan)	0.150	20	^{[citation needed]}	F3b2=3
Indonesian (52Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, &24Padang)	0.150	180	^[19]	F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.150	20	^[21]	F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.150	40	^[11]	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.149	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89Banjarmasin &68Kota Kinabalu)	0.146	157	^[19]	F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali)	0.146	82	^[19]	F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.146	103	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.140	50	^[11]	F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon)	0.140	43	^[19]	F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan)	0.133	30	^{[citation needed]}	F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang)	0.133	45	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan)	0.129	31	^{[citation needed]}	F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.129	31	^[11]	F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Mongolian (Khovd Province)	0.128	429	^[14]	F(xF1e1a)=7, F1=3, F1a=2, F1a1=4, F1a1a(xF1a1a1)=4, F1a2=2, F1b=2, F1b1(xF1b1b)=5, F2=1, F2a=14, F2b1=4, F4a=7
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.125	24	^[20]	F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.122	41	^[20]	F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.118	102	^{[citation needed]}	F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.114	35	^{[citation needed]}	F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.114	44	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon)	0.113	177	^[24]	F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor)	0.111	45	^[19]	F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, &38Palu)	0.110	237	^[19]	F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan)	0.109	64	^[11]	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.107	168	^[25]	F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.105	19	^{[citation needed]}	F=2
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic)	0.102	324	^[26]	F1=25, F2=8
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.100	10	^[20]	F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas)	0.098	112	^[24]	F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.097	185	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.097	1365	^[27]	F=132
Filipino	0.094	64	^[24]	F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.094	32	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet)	0.093	216	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
Mongolian (Mongolia)	0.092	2420	^[14]	F1a=55, F1b=71, F1c=13, F1(xF1d, F1e1)=33, F2=44, F3a=2, F4a=7
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)	0.091	55	^{[citation needed]}	F=5
Altai (Altai Republic)	0.091	110	^[28]	F=10
Mongolian (Khentii Province)	0.091	132	^[14]	F1=1, F1a=3, F1b=5, F1c=2, F2b=1
Buryat	0.087	126	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar	0.087	46	^[22]	F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang)	0.086	58	^{[citation needed]}	F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)	0.086	105	^[4]	F1=8, F2a=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.083	850	^[29]	F1a(xF1a3)=7, F1a1=17, F1b1=19, F1(xF1c, F1d)=11, F2=14, F3a=2, F4a1a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.083	336	^{[citation needed]}	F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.083	48	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.083	36	^[11]	F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)	0.083	24	^[11]	F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.080	593	^[30]	F=3, F1=7, F1ac=2, F1a=12, F1c=2, F1b=16, F2a=3
Korean (Ulsan)	0.079	1094	^[31]	F=86
Korean (northern China)	0.078	51	^{[citation needed]}	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
Daur (Hulunbuir)	0.076	209	^[32]	F1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a1=1, F1b1(xF1b1b)=2, F1c1a=1, F2(xF2d)=5, F4a1b=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)	0.076	118	^{[citation needed]}	F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang)	0.075	53	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.075	160	^{[citation needed]}	F=12
Danga (Hainan)	0.075	40	^{[citation needed]}	F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.074	256	^{[citation needed]}	F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.074	54	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)	0.073	246	^[14]	F=1, F1a=5, F1b=8, F1c=3, F2i=1
Uyghur	0.073	55	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.071	70	^[24]	F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)	0.069	261	^{[citation needed]}	F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.069	29	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia)	0.066	61	^[19]	F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.065	217	Asari 2007	F=14
Mongolian (Dornod Province)	0.065	370	^[14]	F1(xF1c, F1d)=6, F1a=7, F1b=7, F2=4
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.065	31	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.064	203	^{[citation needed]}	F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.064	47	^[4]	F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang)	0.064	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)	0.063	221	^[5]	F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.063	16	^[21]	F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.060	100	^[33]	F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Kazakh (Zhetysu)	0.060	200	^[34]	F1=11, F2=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.060	133	^[6]	F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu)	0.059	1617	^[35]	F=96
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.057	282	^{[citation needed]}	F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.057	53	^[4]	F1=3
Altai Kizhi	0.056	90	^[4]	F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.055	110	^[4]	F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.055	55	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.054	56	^[11]	F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese	0.052	211	^[36]	F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.051	39	^[20]	F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)	0.051	98	^[37]	F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	^[21]	F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.050	40	^[6]	F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	^[21]	F=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.049	103	^[4]	F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.045	44	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2
Yakut	0.043	117	^{[citation needed]}	F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan	0.042	95	^[22]	F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas)	0.042	48	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.042	24	^{[citation needed]}	F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.040	99	^[4]	F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.037	27	^[20]	F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh	0.036	55	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)	0.034	149	^[37]	F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia)	0.031	295	^[4]	F1=7, F2a=2
Ulch people	0.031	160	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.029	35	^[11]	F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.025	40	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.025	40	^[21]	F=1
Okinawa	0.025	326	^{[citation needed]}	F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.021	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1c=1
Ainu	0.020	51	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=1
Evenk (53Stony Tunguska basin &18Tugur-Chumikan)	0.014	71	^[22]	F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic)	0.014	71	^[4]	F1=1
Tubalar	0.014	72	^[22]	F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.014	73	^[4]	F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk)	0.011	87	^[22]	F(xF1b)=1
Mansi	0.010	98	^[22]	F=1
Khanty	0.009	106	^[7]	F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)	0.000	15	^[4]	-
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24	^[6]	-
Nganasan	0.000	24	^[22]	-
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)	0.000	25	^[22]	-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25	^[4]	-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29	^[6]	-
Batek (Malaysia)	0.000	29	^[19]	-
Mendriq (Malaysia)	0.000	32	^[19]	-
Negidal	0.000	33	^[22]	-
Temuan (Malaysia)	0.000	33	^[19]	-
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.000	36	^[4]	-
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)	0.000	40	^[11]	-
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.000	44	^[4]	-
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.000	45	^{[citation needed]}	-
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.000	45	^[4]	-
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk)	0.000	46	^[22]	-
Itelmen	0.000	47	^[22]	-
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)	0.000	47	^{[citation needed]}	-
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.000	48	^{[citation needed]}	-
Jahai (Malaysia)	0.000	51	^[19]	-
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.000	56	^[22]	-
Mansi	0.000	63	^[7]	-
Chukchi	0.000	66	^{[citation needed]}	-
Siberian Eskimo	0.000	79	^[22]	-
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.000	82	^[4]	-
Koryak	0.000	155	^[22]	-

References

edit

^ Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N, Mormina M, Rito T, Röhl A, et al. (June 2009). "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock". American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–759. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.

^ ^a ^b van Oven M, Kayser M (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.

^ Haplogroup F.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Denisova G, Dambueva I, Perkova M, et al. (November 2007). "Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (5): 1025–1041. doi:10.1086/522933. PMC 2265662. PMID 17924343.

^ ^a ^b ^c M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", Molecular Biology Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, et al. (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.

^ ^a ^b ^c Pimenoff VN, Comas D, Palo JU, Vershubsky G, Kozlov A, Sajantila A (October 2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. S2CID 19488203.

^ Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, Longepied G, Papa K, Allibert C, et al. (January 2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146.

^ Tolk HV, Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Campbell H, et al. (September 2001). "The evidence of mtDNA haplogroup F in a European population and its ethnohistoric implications". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (9): 717–723. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200709. PMID 11571562.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Basnet R, Rai N, Tamang R, Awasthi NP, Pradhan I, Parajuli P, et al. (February 2023). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations". Human Genetics. 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. PMID 36242641. S2CID 252904281.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Wen B, Xie X, Gao S, Li H, Shi H, Song X, et al. (May 2004). "Analyses of genetic structure of Tibeto-Burman populations reveals sex-biased admixture in southern Tibeto-Burmans". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 856–865. doi:10.1086/386292. PMC 1181980. PMID 15042512.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking,『Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages.』Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cardinali I, Bodner M, Capodiferro MR, Amory C, Rambaldi Migliore N, Gomez EJ, et al. (2022). "Mitochondrial DNA Footprints from Western Eurasia in Modern Mongolia". Frontiers in Genetics. 12: 819337. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.819337. PMC 8773455. PMID 35069708.

^ Rebecca S Just, Melissa K Scheible, Spence A Fast, et al., "Full mtGenome reference data: development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015 Jan;14:141-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 5.

^ ^a ^b ^c Kong, Q.P., Yao, Y.G., Sun, C., Zhu, C.L., Zhong, L., Wang, C.Y., Cai, W.W., Xu, X.M., Xu, A.L. and Zhang, Y.P., 2004. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup F2 in China reveals T12338C in the initiation codon of the ND5 gene not to be pathogenic. Journal of human genetics, 49(8), p.414.

^ ^a ^b Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127

^ ^a ^b Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Hill C, Soares P, Mormina M, Macaulay V, Meehan W, Blackburn J, et al. (December 2006). "Phylogeography and ethnogenesis of aboriginal Southeast Asians". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (12): 2480–2491. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124. hdl:1885/23220. PMID 16982817.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Wen B, Li H, Gao S, Mao X, Gao Y, Li F, et al. (March 2005). "Genetic structure of Hmong-Mien speaking populations in East Asia as revealed by mtDNA lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 725–734. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055. PMID 15548747.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Comas D, Plaza S, Wells RS, Yuldaseva N, Lao O, Calafell F, et al. (June 2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (6): 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160. PMID 14872198.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Starikovskaya EB, Sukernik RI, Derbeneva OA, Volodko NV, Ruiz-Pesini E, Torroni A, et al. (January 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 1): 67–89. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x. PMC 3905771. PMID 15638829.

^ Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tabbada KA, Trejaut J, Loo JH, Chen YM, Lin M, Mirazón-Lahr M, et al. (January 2010). "Philippine mitochondrial DNA diversity: a populated viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215. PMID 19755666.

^ Peng MS, Quang HH, Dang KP, Trieu AV, Wang HW, Yao YG, et al. (October 2010). "Tracing the Austronesian footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: a perspective from mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (10): 2417–2430. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131. PMID 20513740.

^ Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP, Askapuli A, Gau L, Gokcumen O, et al. (February 2012). "Mitochondrial DNA Dulik_2012 Y chromosome variation provides evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians". American Journal of Human Genetics. 90 (2): 229–46. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014. PMC 3276666. PMID 22281367.

^ Fuku N, Park KS, Yamada Y, Nishigaki Y, Cho YM, Matsuo H, et al. (March 2007). "Mitochondrial haplogroup N9a confers resistance against type 2 diabetes in Asians". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (3): 407–415. doi:10.1086/512202. PMC 1821119. PMID 17273962.

^ D Miścicka-Sliwka, M Woźniak, I A Zakharov (2003). "Diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages in South Siberia". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (Pt 5): 391–411. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x. PMID 12940914.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^ Yoo, Seong-Keun (2019). "Northeast Asian Reference Database (NARD) Imputation Server".

^ Lee HY, Yoo JE, Park MJ, Chung U, Kim CY, Shin KJ (2006). "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis". Electrophoresis. 27 (22): 4408–4418. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151. PMID 17058303.

^ Jeon S, Bhak Y, Choi Y, Jeon Y, Kim S, Jang J, et al. (May 2020). "Korean Genome Project: 1094 Korean personal genomes with clinical information". Science Advances. 6 (22): eaaz7835. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.7835J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz7835. PMC 7385432. PMID 32766443.

^ Chi-Zao Wang, Xue-Er Yu, Mei-Sen Shi, Hui Li & Shu-Hua Ma (2022). "Whole mitochondrial genome analysis of the Daur ethnic minority from Hulunbuir in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 22 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s12862-022-02019-4. PMC 9118598. PMID 35585500.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^ Taketo U, Rinnosuke H, Kenshi S, Kazuhiko I, Kazumasa S, Kentaro K (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology. 12 (1): 83–96. doi:10.3408/jafst.12.83.

^ Ayken Askapuli, Miguel Vilar, Humberto Garcia-Ortiz (2022). "Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasia". PLOS ONE. 17 (11): e0277771. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1777771A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277771. PMC 9707748. PMID 36445929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^ Maruyama S, Minaguchi K, Saitou N (August 2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. S2CID 1224295.

^ ^a ^b Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Rogalla U, Grzybowski T, et al. (2012). "Complete mitochondrial DNA analysis of eastern Eurasian haplogroups rarely found in populations of northern Asia and eastern Europe". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32179. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732179D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMC 3283723. PMID 22363811.

Sources

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Asari M, et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322.

External links

edit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup F (mtDNA).

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup F
- Spread of Haplogroup F, from National Geographic

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L1–6

pre-JT

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Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

Contents

Distribution

Subclades

Tree

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

See also

References

Sources

External links

Languages