Piper sarmentosum

There is no "official" English name for it, but it is sometimes called wild betel. It is known as chaphlu (ชะพลู, pronounced [t͡ɕʰá.pʰlūː]) or cha phlu (ช้าพลู, pronounced [t͡ɕʰáː pʰlūː]) in Thai; phak i leutorpak eelerd (ຜັກອີ່ເລີດ) in Lao; and pokok kadokinMalay. In Vietnam, the local name of Piper lolot – lá lốt – is applied to P. sarmentosum also. It is also known as lolot pepper.^[3]InVietnamese it is called lá lốt (or sometimes in the South lá lốp). In Khmer, it is called japloo ចាព្លូ (orjeeploo ជីរភ្លូ), in Thai chaphloo ชะพลู, in Lao phak ee lert ຜັກອີ່ເລີດ (orphak nang lert ຜັກນາງເລີດ).

This plant is a perennial herb with creeping rhizomes, and a striped stem that grow to 40 cm high. Its leaves are thin, heart-shaped, and 8–10 cm long and 8–11 cm wide, with 5 main veins from the base of the blade, oil glands on the upper surface, and finely pubescent veins on its under side. Its petioles are 2.5–3 cm long. Erect white spikes of 1–2 cm long emerge at the axils.^[4]

Piper sarmentosum is found from the tropical areas of Southeast Asia, Northeast India and South China, and as far as the Andaman Islands. Living collections of this taxon from the Andaman Islands is under ex situ conservation outside the islands at the Field Gene Bank of Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India. It is a pre-tsunami accession.^[5]

Piper sarmentosum leaves are sold in bunches and are usually eaten raw.

• InChinese cuisine, the chopped leaves are a primary ingredient in the dish of wild betel rice (蛤蒌饭) from ZhanjianginGuangdong province. It is also used in herbal remedies of traditional Chinese medicine.
• InBangladeshi cuisine, chopped leaves are tossed with chopped onion, green chili and a dash of mustard oil to be eaten as a salad with plain rice.
• InThai cuisine, the leaves are used to wrap miang kham, a traditional snack; they are also one of the ingredients of the Kaeng khae curryofNorthern Thailand.^[6] The curry is named after these leaves, which are known as khaeinNorthern Thailand.
• InLaotian cuisine, it is eaten as part of a salad.
• InMalay cuisine it is shredded for ulam, a type of Malay salad.
• InVietnamese cuisine it is grilled in bò nướng lá lốt, a typical Southern Vietnamese dish. Minced beef is marinated with seasoning, soya sauce and various finely chopped spices such as garlic, onion and lemongrass then wrapped in Piper lolot leaves and grilled, which brings smokey flavor to the beef. It is served with rice noodles, fresh herbs, sliced star fruits and pineapples, and fermented fish sauce mắm nêm

The practice of wrapping meat in vine leaves originated in the Middle East, which was taken to India by the Persians.^[7] It was subsequently introduced by the Indians to Southeast Asia. However, grape vines do not grow well in tropical climates, so the Vietnamese started to use leaves of lolot instead.^[7] It is native to the Indochinese region and recently introduced to the United States by Lao and Vietnamese immigrants.^[3] It is also used for medicinal purposes, to relieve a wide range of symptoms from inflammation to snakebites.

Piper sarmentosum leaves are used in traditional Asian medicines.^[8] Chemical analysis has shown the leaves contain the antioxidant naringenin.^[9] Amides from P. sarmentosum fruit have been shown to have anti-tuberculosis and anti-plasmodial activities.^[10] It was tested against various bacteria species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2010.^[11]