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* In those violent incidents recorded by the police in which alcohol was a factor, about 9% of the offenders and nearly 14% of the victims were under age 21<ref name="ncadi.samhsa.gov">{{cite web|url=http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/prevalert/v5/11.aspx|title=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services|access-date=26 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116034450/http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/prevalert/v5/11.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2006}}</ref> |
* In those violent incidents recorded by the police in which alcohol was a factor, about 9% of the offenders and nearly 14% of the victims were under age 21<ref name="ncadi.samhsa.gov">{{cite web|url=http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/prevalert/v5/11.aspx|title=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services|access-date=26 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116034450/http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/govpubs/prevalert/v5/11.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2006}}</ref> |
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Some have noted gender-specific and variable standards for intoxicated consent. In a recent lawsuit against |
Some have noted gender-specific and variable standards for intoxicated consent. In a recent lawsuit against Duke university, a Duke administrator, when asked whether verbal consent need be mutual when both participants are drunk, stated, "Assuming it is a male and female, it is the responsibility in the case of the male to gain consent before proceeding with sex."<ref>{{cite news|year=2014|title=PA Duke senior sues the university after being expelled over allegations of sexual misconduct|location=Durham, N.C.|newspaper=Indy Week|url=http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/a-duke-senior-sues-the-university-after-being-expelled-over-allegations-of-sexual-misconduct/Content?oid=4171302|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2015/02/drunk_sex_on_campus_universities_are_struggling_to_determine_when_intoxicated.html | title=How Drunk is Too Drunk to Have Sex?| date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/occidental-sexual-assault-2014-9 | title=How 'Consensual' Sex Got a Freshman Kicked Out of College and Started a Huge Debate| website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Other institutions state only that a rape victim has to be "intoxicated" rather than "incapacitated" by alcohol or drugs to render consent impossible.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Stanford Trains Student Jurors That 'Acting Persuasive and Logical' is Sign of Guilt; Story of Student Judicial Nightmare in Today's 'New York Post'|publisher=FIRE.org|url=http://www.thefire.org/stanford-trains-student-jurors-that-acting-persuasive-and-logical-is-sign-of-guilt-story-of-student-judicial-nightmare-in-todays-new-york-post-2/|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/ever-had-drunk-sex-thats-rape-according-to-this-university/article/2568742 | title=Ever had drunk sex? That's rape, according to this university| date=22 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/sex-booze-and-feminism | title=Sex, Booze, and Feminism| newspaper=The Daily Beast| date=22 February 2014| last1=Young| first1=Cathy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19960502-01.2.29.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------- | title=The Stanford Daily 2 May 1996 – the Stanford Daily}}</ref> |
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In one study<ref name=":2" /> that Antonia Abby describes in her article, a group of 160 men students listen to an audiotape recording of a date rape. In the beginning the woman agrees to kissing and touching but once the man tries to remove her clothes and she refuses the male becomes more aggressive verbally and physically. The men were asked to stop the tape at the point that they felt the man's behavior was inappropriate. "Participants who consumed alcohol allowed the man to continue for a longer period of time and rated the women's sexual arousal higher than did sober participants. The findings suggest that intoxicated men may project their own sexual arousal onto a women, missing or ignoring her active protest".<ref name=":2" /> |
In one study<ref name=":2" /> that Antonia Abby describes in her article, a group of 160 men students listen to an audiotape recording of a date rape. In the beginning the woman agrees to kissing and touching but once the man tries to remove her clothes and she refuses the male becomes more aggressive verbally and physically. The men were asked to stop the tape at the point that they felt the man's behavior was inappropriate. "Participants who consumed alcohol allowed the man to continue for a longer period of time and rated the women's sexual arousal higher than did sober participants. The findings suggest that intoxicated men may project their own sexual arousal onto a women, missing or ignoring her active protest".<ref name=":2" /> |
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Some individuals have become notable activists. [[Emma Sulkowicz]], then a student at [[Columbia University]], created the performance art ''[[Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)]]''. Lena Sclove, a student at [[Brown University]], made headlines for saying that a fellow student, who reportedly sexually assaulted her, was not sufficiently punished after he received a one-year suspension.<ref name="CYoung2">{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Cathy|title=Exclusive: Brown University student Speaks Out on What It's Like to Be Accused of Rape|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/08/exclusive-brown-university-student-speaks-out-on-what-it-s-like-to-be-accused-of-rape.html|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=19 April 2015|date=8 June 2014}}</ref> The man accused in her case has publicly disputed the report and was found not guilty by the criminal justice system. He was found responsible under the university's [[Legal burden of proof#Preponderance of the evidence|preponderance of the evidence]] standard. Such cases have led to controversy and concerns regarding [[presumption of innocence]] and [[due process]], and have also highlighted the difficulties that universities face in balancing the rights of the accuser and the rights of the accused when dealing with sexual assault complaints.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harrison|first1=Elizabeth|title=Former Brown Student Denies Rape Allegations|url=http://ripr.org/post/former-brown-student-denies-rape-allegations|publisher=NPR|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Robin|title=Opening New Front in Campus-Rape Debate, Brown Student Tells Education Dept. His Side|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Opening-New-Front-in/147047/|access-date=22 April 2015|date=12 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Young|first1=Cathy|title=The Brown Case: Does it Still Look Like Rape|url=http://www.mindingthecampus.org/2014/06/the-brown-case-does-it-still-look-like-rape/|publisher=Minding the Campus|access-date=22 April 2015|date=15 June 2014}}</ref> Nearly 100 colleges and universities had a significant number of reports of rape on their main campuses in 2014, with Brown University and the University of Connecticut tied for the highest annual total — 43 each.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Nick|title=These colleges have the most reports of rape|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/|access-date=2020-08-28|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The Sulkowicz and Sclove cases have led to further complaints of bias by the men against the universities (Title IX or civil) regarding how they handled the matters.<ref name="CYoung2" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiser|first1=Benjamin|title=Accused of Rape, a Student Sues Columbia Over Bias|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/nyregion/accused-of-rape-a-student-sues-columbia-over-bias.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 April 2015|date=23 April 2015}}</ref> |
Some individuals have become notable activists. [[Emma Sulkowicz]], then a student at [[Columbia University]], created the performance art ''[[Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)]]''. Lena Sclove, a student at [[Brown University]], made headlines for saying that a fellow student, who reportedly sexually assaulted her, was not sufficiently punished after he received a one-year suspension.<ref name="CYoung2">{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Cathy|title=Exclusive: Brown University student Speaks Out on What It's Like to Be Accused of Rape|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/08/exclusive-brown-university-student-speaks-out-on-what-it-s-like-to-be-accused-of-rape.html|newspaper=The Daily Beast|access-date=19 April 2015|date=8 June 2014}}</ref> The man accused in her case has publicly disputed the report and was found not guilty by the criminal justice system. He was found responsible under the university's [[Legal burden of proof#Preponderance of the evidence|preponderance of the evidence]] standard. Such cases have led to controversy and concerns regarding [[presumption of innocence]] and [[due process]], and have also highlighted the difficulties that universities face in balancing the rights of the accuser and the rights of the accused when dealing with sexual assault complaints.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harrison|first1=Elizabeth|title=Former Brown Student Denies Rape Allegations|url=http://ripr.org/post/former-brown-student-denies-rape-allegations|publisher=NPR|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Robin|title=Opening New Front in Campus-Rape Debate, Brown Student Tells Education Dept. His Side|journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Opening-New-Front-in/147047/|access-date=22 April 2015|date=12 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Young|first1=Cathy|title=The Brown Case: Does it Still Look Like Rape|url=http://www.mindingthecampus.org/2014/06/the-brown-case-does-it-still-look-like-rape/|publisher=Minding the Campus|access-date=22 April 2015|date=15 June 2014}}</ref> Nearly 100 colleges and universities had a significant number of reports of rape on their main campuses in 2014, with Brown University and the University of Connecticut tied for the highest annual total — 43 each.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Nick|title=These colleges have the most reports of rape|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/|access-date=2020-08-28|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The Sulkowicz and Sclove cases have led to further complaints of bias by the men against the universities (Title IX or civil) regarding how they handled the matters.<ref name="CYoung2" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiser|first1=Benjamin|title=Accused of Rape, a Student Sues Columbia Over Bias|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/24/nyregion/accused-of-rape-a-student-sues-columbia-over-bias.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 April 2015|date=23 April 2015}}</ref> |
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[[Chanel Miller]], a student at |
[[Chanel Miller]], a student at UC Santa Barbara, was sexually assaulted by a Stanford student, Brock Turner, after attending a fraternity party at Stanford. Turner was charged with five counts of sexual assault but was sentenced to only six months in prison. Throughout the trial, Miller remained anonymous through the pseudonym "Emily Doe" but stirred the public with her victim impact statement, starting a nationwide conversation. She later identified herself and published a memoir titled ''[[Know My Name (book)|Know My Name]]'', which began her activism about rape on college campuses. |
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One outside group, [[UltraViolet (organization)|UltraViolet]], has used online media tactics, including search engine advertisements, to pressure universities to be more aggressive when dealing with reports of rape. Their social media campaign uses advertisements that sometimes lead with "Which College Has The Worst Rape Problem?" and other provocative titles that appear in online search results for a targeted school's name.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kingkade|first1=Tyler|title=Activists Target The Princeton Review in Campus Rape Ad Campaign|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/30/princeton-review-campus-rape_n_5414332.html|newspaper=The Huffington Post|access-date=19 April 2015|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> |
One outside group, [[UltraViolet (organization)|UltraViolet]], has used online media tactics, including search engine advertisements, to pressure universities to be more aggressive when dealing with reports of rape. Their social media campaign uses advertisements that sometimes lead with "Which College Has The Worst Rape Problem?" and other provocative titles that appear in online search results for a targeted school's name.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kingkade|first1=Tyler|title=Activists Target The Princeton Review in Campus Rape Ad Campaign|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/30/princeton-review-campus-rape_n_5414332.html|newspaper=The Huffington Post|access-date=19 April 2015|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> |
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==== Criticisms/General Response ==== |
==== Criticisms/General Response ==== |
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===== |
===== University of California system response ===== |
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After the announcement of the new finalized Title IX regulations, the UC system president, |
After the announcement of the new finalized Title IX regulations, the UC system president, Janet Napolitano, released a statement in response. In this statement, Napolitano announced their opposition with these new rules. It is believed by the UC system that along with the challenges faced by COVID-19, these new regulations will only further the barrier already in place when it comes to reporting. Their largest concern comes from the direct-examination students will be subject to if a formal complaint turns into an investigation. Lower standards from schools is also seen to "weaken fair and just policies that have taken decades to establish." However, there were aspects that the system agreed with, such as the inclusion relationship violence into the mix.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UC undeterred despite harmful federal sexual harassment rules|url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/press-room/uc-undeterred-despite-harmful-federal-sexual-harassment-rules-0|last=President|first=UC Office of the|date=2020-05-06|website=University of California|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref> |
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=== College programs === |
=== College programs === |
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