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===Reporting=== |
===Reporting=== |
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Research consistently shows that the majority of rape and other sexual assault victims do not report their attacks to law enforcement.<ref name=start-to-finish>{{cite book|title=Evaluating Research Articles From Start to Finish|pages=84–92|author1=Ellen R. Girden|author2=Robert Kabacoff|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|date=2010|isbn=978-1-4129-7446-2}}</ref><ref name=Dimensions>{{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=Linda Lewis|last2=LaRosa|first2=Judith H.|last3=Bader|first3=Helaine|last4=Garfield|first4=Susan|last5=Alexander|first5=William James|title=New Dimensions in Women's Health|date=2010|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-7637-6592-7|page=410|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGbg9el9KkAC&pg=PA410}}</ref><ref name=unsafe>{{citation | last1 = Fisher | first1 = Bonnie | last2 = Daigle | first2 = Leah E. | last3 = Cullen | first3 = Frank | contribution = Being pursued: the stalking of female students | editor-last1 = Fisher | editor-first1 = Bonnie | editor-last2 = Daigle | editor-first2 = Leah E. | editor-last3 = Cullen | editor-first3 = Frank | title = Unsafe in the ivory tower: the sexual victimization of college women | pages = 149–170 | publisher = Sage Pub. | location = Los Angeles | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781452210483 | postscript = .}}</ref> The majority of women who are sexually assaulted do not report because of various reasons surrounding embarrassment and shame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bestcolleges.com/resources/sexual-assault-on-campus/|title=Understanding Sexual Assault on Campus | BestColleges|date=10 September 2021|website=www.bestcolleges.com}}</ref> In order to encourage those in need of support/guidance to reach out for help, the stigma encompassing sexual assault must end. As a result of non-reporting, researchers generally rely on surveys to measure sexual assault. Research estimates that between 10%<ref name="CSA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf|title= The Campus Sexual Assault Survey|publisher= National Institute of Justice|access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> and 29%<ref name="RennisonAddington2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rennison|first1=C. M.|last2=Addington|first2=L. A.|title=Violence Against College Women: A Review to Identify Limitations in Defining the Problem and Inform Future Research|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=15|issue=3|year=2014|pages=159–69|issn=1524-8380|doi=10.1177/1524838014520724|pmid=24488114|s2cid=29919847}}</ref> of women are a victim of rape or attempted rape since starting college. The National Crime Victimization Survey estimates that 6.1 sexual assaults occur per 1,000 students per year.<ref name=BJS>{{cite web|last1=Sinozich|first1=Sofi|last2=Langton|first2=Lynn|title=Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Among College-Age Females, 1995–2013|url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5176|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> However, this source is generally believed by researchers to be a significant underestimate of the number of sexual assaults.<ref name="Estimating Incidence">{{cite book|last1=Kruttschnitt|first1=Candace|last2=Kalsbeek|first2=William D.|last3=House|first3=Carol C.|title=Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault.|date=2014|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18605/estimating-the-incidence-of-rape-and-sexual-assault#research|access-date=9 January 2015|isbn=9780309297370}}</ref> Methodological differences, such as the method of survey administration, the definition of rape or sexual assault used, the wording of questions, and the time period studied contribute to these disparities.<ref name="RennisonAddington2014" /> There is currently no consensus on the best way to measure rape and sexual assault.<ref name="Estimating Incidence"/> |
Research consistently shows that the majority of rape and other sexual assault victims do not report their attacks to law enforcement.<ref name=start-to-finish>{{cite book|title=Evaluating Research Articles From Start to Finish|pages=84–92|author1=Ellen R. Girden|author2=Robert Kabacoff|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|date=2010|isbn=978-1-4129-7446-2}}</ref><ref name=Dimensions>{{cite book|last1=Alexander|first1=Linda Lewis|last2=LaRosa|first2=Judith H.|last3=Bader|first3=Helaine|last4=Garfield|first4=Susan|last5=Alexander|first5=William James|title=New Dimensions in Women's Health|date=2010|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-7637-6592-7|page=410|edition=5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGbg9el9KkAC&pg=PA410}}</ref><ref name=unsafe>{{citation | last1 = Fisher | first1 = Bonnie | last2 = Daigle | first2 = Leah E. | last3 = Cullen | first3 = Frank | contribution = Being pursued: the stalking of female students | editor-last1 = Fisher | editor-first1 = Bonnie | editor-last2 = Daigle | editor-first2 = Leah E. | editor-last3 = Cullen | editor-first3 = Frank | title = Unsafe in the ivory tower: the sexual victimization of college women | pages = 149–170 | publisher = Sage Pub. | location = Los Angeles | year = 2010 | isbn = 9781452210483 | postscript = .}}</ref> The majority of women who are sexually assaulted do not report because of various reasons surrounding embarrassment and shame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bestcolleges.com/resources/sexual-assault-on-campus/|title=Understanding Sexual Assault on Campus | BestColleges|date=10 September 2021|website=www.bestcolleges.com}}</ref> In order to encourage those in need of support/guidance to reach out for help, the stigma encompassing sexual assault must end. As a result of non-reporting, researchers generally rely on surveys to measure sexual assault. Research estimates that between 10%<ref name="CSA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf|title= The Campus Sexual Assault Survey|publisher= National Institute of Justice|access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> and 29%<ref name="RennisonAddington2014">{{cite journal|last1=Rennison|first1=C. M.|last2=Addington|first2=L. A.|title=Violence Against College Women: A Review to Identify Limitations in Defining the Problem and Inform Future Research|journal=Trauma, Violence, & Abuse|volume=15|issue=3|year=2014|pages=159–69|issn=1524-8380|doi=10.1177/1524838014520724|pmid=24488114|s2cid=29919847}}</ref> of women are a victim of rape or attempted rape since starting college. The National Crime Victimization Survey estimates that 6.1 sexual assaults occur per 1,000 students per year.<ref name=BJS>{{cite web|last1=Sinozich|first1=Sofi|last2=Langton|first2=Lynn|title=Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Among College-Age Females, 1995–2013|url=http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5176|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> However, this source is generally believed by researchers to be a significant underestimate of the number of sexual assaults.<ref name="Estimating Incidence">{{cite book|last1=Kruttschnitt|first1=Candace|last2=Kalsbeek|first2=William D.|last3=House|first3=Carol C.|title=Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault.|date=2014|publisher=The National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18605/estimating-the-incidence-of-rape-and-sexual-assault#research|access-date=9 January 2015|isbn=9780309297370}}</ref> Methodological differences, such as the method of survey administration, the definition of rape or sexual assault used, the wording of questions, and the time period studied contribute to these disparities.<ref name="RennisonAddington2014" /> There is currently no consensus on the best way to measure rape and sexual assault.<ref name="Estimating Incidence"/> |
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On campuses, it has been found that alcohol is a prevalent issue in regards to sexual assault. It has been estimated that 1 in 5 women experience an assault, and of those women, 50–75% have had either the attacker, the woman, or both, consume alcohol prior to the assault.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Pugh |first1=Brandie |last2=Ningard |first2=Holly |last3=Ven |first3=Thomas Vander |last4=Butler |first4=Leah |year=2016 |title=Victim Ambiguity: Bystander Intervention and Sexual Assault in the College Drinking Scene |journal=Deviant Behavior |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=401–418 |doi=10.1080/01639625.2015.1026777 |s2cid=147081204}}</ref> Not only has it been a factor in the rates of sexual assault on campus, but because of the prevalence, assaults are also being affected specifically by the inability to give consent when intoxicated and bystanders not knowing when to intervene due to their own intoxication or the intoxication of the victim.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pugh |first1=Brandie |last2=Becker |first2=Patricia |date=2018-08-02 |title=Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses |journal=Behavioral Sciences |volume=8 |issue=8 |page=69 |doi=10.3390/bs8080069 |issn=2076-328X |pmc=6115968 |pmid=30072605 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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In 1995, the CDC replicated part of this study with 8,810 students on 138 college campuses. They examined rape only, and did not look at attempted rape. They found that 20% of women and 4% of men had experienced rape in the course of her or his lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=K. A. |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=Results from the 1995 national college health risk behavior survey. |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vach20 |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.1080/07448489709595589 |pmid=9276349}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 1997 |title=Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey -- United States, 1995 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049859.htm |publisher=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> |
In 1995, the CDC replicated part of this study with 8,810 students on 138 college campuses. They examined rape only, and did not look at attempted rape. They found that 20% of women and 4% of men had experienced rape in the course of her or his lifetime.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=K. A. |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=Results from the 1995 national college health risk behavior survey. |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vach20 |journal=Journal of American College Health |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.1080/07448489709595589 |pmid=9276349}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 November 1997 |title=Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey -- United States, 1995 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049859.htm |publisher=Centers for Disease Control}}</ref> |
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