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'''Campus sexual assault''' is the [[sexual assault]], including [[rape]], of a student while attending an institution of higher learning, such as a [[college]] or [[university]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/ovw/sexual-assault|title=Sexual Assault US Department of Justice|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|access-date=24 March 2017|date=23 July 2014}}</ref> The victims of such assaults are more likely to be female, but any [[gender]] can be victimized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics|url=https://www.nsvrc.org/statistics|access-date=2021-09-22|website=National Sexual Violence Resource Center|language=en}}</ref> Estimates of sexual assault, which vary based on definitions and methodology, generally find that somewhere between 19–27% of college women and 6–8% of college men are sexually assaulted during their time in college.<ref name="CSA" /><ref name="WAPO">{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Nick|title=Survey: More than 1 in 5 female undergrads at top schools suffer sexual attacks|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/survey-more-than-1-in-5-female-undergrads-at-top-schools-suffer-sexual-attacks/2015/09/19/c6c80be2-5e29-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html|access-date=22 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="AAU">{{cite journal|title=Report on the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct|date=21 September 2015|url=https://www.aau.edu/uploadedFiles/AAU_Publications/AAU_Reports/Sexual_Assault_Campus_Survey/Report%20on%20the%20AAU%20Campus%20Climate%20Survey%20on%20Sexual%20Assault%20and%20Sexual%20Misconduct.pdf|access-date=27 November 2015|page= 82}}</ref> |
'''Campus sexual assault''' is the [[sexual assault]], including [[rape]], of a student while attending an institution of higher learning, such as a [[college]] or [[university]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/ovw/sexual-assault|title=Sexual Assault US Department of Justice|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|access-date=24 March 2017|date=23 July 2014}}</ref> The victims of such assaults are more likely to be female, but any [[gender]] can be victimized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics|url=https://www.nsvrc.org/statistics|access-date=2021-09-22|website=National Sexual Violence Resource Center|language=en}}</ref> Estimates of sexual assault, which vary based on definitions and methodology, generally find that somewhere between 19–27% of college women and 6–8% of college men are sexually assaulted during their time in college.<ref name="CSA" /><ref name="WAPO">{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Nick|title=Survey: More than 1 in 5 female undergrads at top schools suffer sexual attacks|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/survey-more-than-1-in-5-female-undergrads-at-top-schools-suffer-sexual-attacks/2015/09/19/c6c80be2-5e29-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html|access-date=22 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="AAU">{{cite journal|title=Report on the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct|date=21 September 2015|url=https://www.aau.edu/uploadedFiles/AAU_Publications/AAU_Reports/Sexual_Assault_Campus_Survey/Report%20on%20the%20AAU%20Campus%20Climate%20Survey%20on%20Sexual%20Assault%20and%20Sexual%20Misconduct.pdf|access-date=27 November 2015|page= 82}}</ref> |
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A 2007 survey by the [[National Institute of Justice]] found that 19.0% of college women and 6.1% of college men experienced either sexual assault or attempted sexual assault since entering college.<ref name=":14">{{cite web |last1=Krebs |first1=Christopher P. |last2=Lindquist |first2=Christine H. |last3=Warner |first3=Tara D. |last4=Fisher |first4=Bonnie S. |last5=Martin |first5=Sandra L. |date=December 2007 |title=The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf |publisher=National Institute of Justice}}</ref> In the ''[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]]'' in 2017, D. Tuerkheimer reviewed the literature on rape allegations, and reported on the problems surrounding the credibility of rape victims, and how that relates to false rape accusations. She pointed to national survey data from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] that indicates 1 in every 5 women (and 1 in 71 men) will be raped during their lifetime at some point. Despite the prevalence of rape and the fact that false rape allegations are rare, Tuerkheimer reported that law enforcement officers often default to disbelief about an alleged rape. This documented prejudice leads to reduced investigation and criminal justice outcomes that are faulty compared to other crimes. Tuerkheimer says that women face "credibility discounts" at all stages of the justice system, including from police, jurors, judges, and prosecutors. These credibility discounts are especially pronounced when the |
A 2007 survey by the [[National Institute of Justice]] found that 19.0% of college women and 6.1% of college men experienced either sexual assault or attempted sexual assault since entering college.<ref name=":14">{{cite web |last1=Krebs |first1=Christopher P. |last2=Lindquist |first2=Christine H. |last3=Warner |first3=Tara D. |last4=Fisher |first4=Bonnie S. |last5=Martin |first5=Sandra L. |date=December 2007 |title=The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf |publisher=National Institute of Justice}}</ref> In the ''[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]]'' in 2017, D. Tuerkheimer reviewed the literature on rape allegations, and reported on the problems surrounding the credibility of rape victims, and how that relates to false rape accusations. She pointed to national survey data from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] that indicates 1 in every 5 women (and 1 in 71 men) will be raped during their lifetime at some point. Despite the prevalence of rape and the fact that false rape allegations are rare, Tuerkheimer reported that law enforcement officers often default to disbelief about an alleged rape. This documented prejudice leads to reduced investigation and criminal justice outcomes that are faulty compared to other crimes. Tuerkheimer says that women face "credibility discounts" at all stages of the justice system, including from police, jurors, judges, and prosecutors. These credibility discounts are especially pronounced when the victim is acquainted with the accuser, and the vast majority of rapes fall into this category.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deborah |first=Tuerkheimer |date=2017 |title=Incredible Women: Sexual Violence and the Credibility Discount |url=http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol166/iss1/1/ |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |language=en |volume=166 |issue=1}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] estimated from 2005 to 2007 that about 2% of victims who were raped while incapacitated (from drugs, alcohol, or other reasons) reported the rape to the police, compared to 13% of victims who experienced physically forced sexual assault.<ref name=":14" /> |
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In response to charges that schools have poorly supported women who have reported sexual assaults, in 2011 the United States Department of Education issued a "Dear Colleague" letter to universities, advising academic institutions on various methods intended to reduce incidents of sexual assault on campuses.<ref name="Dear Colleague Letter" /> Some legal experts have raised concerns about risks of abuses against the accused.<ref name="Harvard Law" /> Following changes to disciplinary processes, lawsuits have been filed by men alleging bias and/or violations of their rights.<ref name="Schow" /> |
In response to charges that schools have poorly supported women who have reported sexual assaults, in 2011 the United States Department of Education issued a "Dear Colleague" letter to universities, advising academic institutions on various methods intended to reduce incidents of sexual assault on campuses.<ref name="Dear Colleague Letter" /> Some legal experts have raised concerns about risks of abuses against the accused.<ref name="Harvard Law" /> Following changes to disciplinary processes, lawsuits have been filed by men alleging bias and/or violations of their rights.<ref name="Schow" /> |
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