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'''Chromium deficiency''' is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral [[chromium]]. Chromium was first proposed as an [[essential element]] for normal glucose metabolism in 1959,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SCHWARZ|first1=K|last2=MERTZ|first2=W|title=Chromium(III) and the glucose tolerance factor.|journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics|date=November 1959|volume=85|pages=292–295|pmid=14444068|doi=10.1016/0003-9861(59)90479-5}}</ref> but its biological function has not been identified.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mertz|first1=W|title=Chromium in human nutrition: a review.|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|date=April 1993|volume=123|issue=4|pages=626–633|pmid=8463863|doi=10.1093/jn/123.4.626|doi-access=free}}</ref> Cases of deficiency were described in people who [[Parenteral nutrition|received all of their nutrition intravenously]] for long periods of time.<ref name=Expert>{{cite web|title=Review of Chromium |date=August 2002 |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/reviewofchrome.pdf |accessdate=24 February 2013 |author=Expert group on Vitamins and Minerals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207123911/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/reviewofchrome.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> |
'''Chromium deficiency''' is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral [[chromium]]. Chromium was first proposed as an [[essential element]] for normal glucose metabolism in 1959,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SCHWARZ|first1=K|last2=MERTZ|first2=W|title=Chromium(III) and the glucose tolerance factor.|journal=Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics|date=November 1959|volume=85|pages=292–295|pmid=14444068|doi=10.1016/0003-9861(59)90479-5}}</ref> but its biological function has not been identified.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mertz|first1=W|title=Chromium in human nutrition: a review.|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|date=April 1993|volume=123|issue=4|pages=626–633|pmid=8463863|doi=10.1093/jn/123.4.626|doi-access=free}}</ref> Cases of deficiency were described in people who [[Parenteral nutrition|received all of their nutrition intravenously]] for long periods of time.<ref name=Expert>{{cite web|title=Review of Chromium |date=August 2002 |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/reviewofchrome.pdf |accessdate=24 February 2013 |author=Expert group on Vitamins and Minerals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207123911/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/reviewofchrome.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> |
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The essentiality of chromium has been challenged.<ref name=Vincent>{{cite journal|last=Vincent|first=John B.|title=Chromium: celebrating 50 years as an essential element?|journal=Dalton Transactions|year=2010|volume=39|issue=16|pages=3787–3794|doi=10.1039/B920480F|pmid=20372701}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06909.x |last=Jeejeebhoy |first=Khursheed N. |title=The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=329–335 |year=1999 |pmid=10628183|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Vincent2>{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=JB| |
The essentiality of chromium has been challenged.<ref name=Vincent>{{cite journal|last=Vincent|first=John B.|title=Chromium: celebrating 50 years as an essential element?|journal=Dalton Transactions|year=2010|volume=39|issue=16|pages=3787–3794|doi=10.1039/B920480F|pmid=20372701}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06909.x |last=Jeejeebhoy |first=Khursheed N. |title=The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=57 |issue=11 |pages=329–335 |year=1999 |pmid=10628183|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Vincent2>{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=JB|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|chapter=Chromium: is it essential, pharmacologically relevant, or toxic?|year=2013|volume=13|pages=171–198|pmid=24470092|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_6|isbn=978-94-007-7499-5|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences}}</ref> Whereas the authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient,<ref name="EFSA" /> those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex.<ref name=ChromiumDRI/> [[Dietary supplement]]s containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact.<ref name=Costello2016/><ref name=Onakpoya2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E |title=Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials |journal=Obes Rev |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=496–507 |date=2013 |pmid=23495911 |doi=10.1111/obr.12026 |s2cid=21832321 }}</ref> |
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==Signs and symptoms== |
==Signs and symptoms== |
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Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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