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| photo_caption = Panoramic view of Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge)<!-- MAP --> |
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'''Ciolo''' is a narrow coastal [[inlet]] and a site of historical and environmental interest, which is located in [[Apulia]], [[Italy]]. The location is also known as a geological site and for the presence of numerous sea caves, the largest one being the |
'''Ciolo''' is a narrow coastal [[inlet]] and a site of historical and environmental interest, which is located in [[Apulia]], [[Italy]]. The location is also known as a geological site and for the presence of numerous sea caves, the largest one being the Grotta del Ciolo. Since October 2006 the Ciolo's area has become part of the Regional Park "''Costa [[Otranto]] - [[Santa Maria di Leuca]] e Bosco di [[Tricase]]"'', created by the Apulia region to protect the eastern coast of [[Salento]], specifically the architectural assets as well as important animal and plant species. |
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The name |
The name Ciolo comes from the noun in [[salentino dialect]] "''ciole",'' which refers to [[crows]] or [[magpies]], which are widespread in this region..<ref name=":8"> |
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{{Cite web|last=Piccinini|first=Marco|date=7 March 2015|title=Grotta Grande del Ciolo|trans-title=Grotta Grande del Ciolo|url=http://www.salogentis.it/2015/03/07/grotta-grande-del-ciolo/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.salogentis.it|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":9"> |
{{Cite web|last=Piccinini|first=Marco|date=7 March 2015|title=Grotta Grande del Ciolo|trans-title=Grotta Grande del Ciolo|url=http://www.salogentis.it/2015/03/07/grotta-grande-del-ciolo/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.salogentis.it|language=it}}</ref><ref name=":9"> |
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{{Cite book |
{{Cite book |
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== Location == |
== Location == |
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Ciolo is located in the comune of [[Gagliano del Capo]], in Apulia and it is part of the Regional Natural Coastal Park of "''Costa Otranto Santa Maria di Leuca Bosco di Tricase"''. |
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[[File:Ponte Ciolo.1.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of |
[[File:Ponte Ciolo.1.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge)|277x277px|left]] |
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== Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge) == |
== Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge) == |
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Ciolo is dominated by |
Ciolo is dominated by Ponte Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge), a road bridge built in the 1960s. It crosses the inlet and connects the two shores of ''Santa Maria di Leuca'' and ''Novaglie''. The single-span bridge is approximately ''30 meters'' above water, ''60 meters'' long and ''10 meters'' wide. |
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The first structure, part of a project for the entire coastal road by the engineer ''Mario Carrone'', envisaged a bridge with two continuous spans. This project was unfeasible due to the impossibility to build the central pile, as evidenced by the geo-technical report by the professor and engineer ''Vincenzo Cotecchia''. At that point the engineer ''Antonio La Tegola'' was appointed. He adopted the technique of the Swiss engineer ''[[Robert Maillart]]'', which required the incorporation of a thin vault and a stiffening deck. For this reason the structure the bridge was called Maillart's Bridge in the preliminary plans and studies.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=DeGiuseppe|first=Alfredo|year=2020|title=Speciale Ponte Ciolo|trans-title=Special Ponte Ciolo|url=https://www.alfredodegiuseppe.it/index.php/archivio-2020/725-2020-06-speciale-ponte-ciolo-39-parallelo|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=39 ° Parallelo|language=it}}</ref> |
The first structure, part of a project for the entire coastal road by the engineer ''Mario Carrone'', envisaged a bridge with two continuous spans. This project was unfeasible due to the impossibility to build the central pile, as evidenced by the geo-technical report by the professor and engineer ''Vincenzo Cotecchia''. At that point the engineer ''Antonio La Tegola'' was appointed. He adopted the technique of the Swiss engineer ''[[Robert Maillart]]'', which required the incorporation of a thin vault and a stiffening deck. For this reason the structure the bridge was called Maillart's Bridge in the preliminary plans and studies.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=DeGiuseppe|first=Alfredo|year=2020|title=Speciale Ponte Ciolo|trans-title=Special Ponte Ciolo|url=https://www.alfredodegiuseppe.it/index.php/archivio-2020/725-2020-06-speciale-ponte-ciolo-39-parallelo|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=39 ° Parallelo|language=it}}</ref> |
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Ciolo's Bridge was built by rotating the previously planned road axis, an operation that was necessary to find the right supports for the span. There are still some concrete stumps under the current span, which were necessary for the construction of the rib.<ref name=":02" /> |
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Since the construction in the 1960s the bridge has been object of reinforcement and consolidation's works, the last being in the summer of 2019.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 June 2019|title=I tuffi adrenalitici dal Ponte del Ciolo|trans-title=Dives from the Ciolo Bridge|url=https://www.regionepuglia.org/i-tuffi-adrenalitici-del-ponte-del-ciolo/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.regionepuglia.org|language=it}}</ref> |
Since the construction in the 1960s the bridge has been object of reinforcement and consolidation's works, the last being in the summer of 2019.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 June 2019|title=I tuffi adrenalitici dal Ponte del Ciolo|trans-title=Dives from the Ciolo Bridge|url=https://www.regionepuglia.org/i-tuffi-adrenalitici-del-ponte-del-ciolo/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.regionepuglia.org|language=it}}</ref> |
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== The Ciolo's Caves == |
== The Ciolo's Caves == |
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In |
In Ciolo canyon there are several [[Sea cave|sea caves]] formed during the [[Neolithic]] and [[Paleolithic]] age. In total this area includes three different major caves: the Grotta Grande del Ciolo (''Ciolo's Huge Cave''), the Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo (''Ciolo's Small Cave'') and the Grotta Delle Prazziche (''Cave of the Prazziche''). |
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=== Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo === |
=== Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo === |
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The |
The Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo, also called the "''Grotta della foca monaca''" (''Cave of the [[monk seal]]''), is a semi-submerged cave located in the homonymous cove. Its entrance is located on the west side of the [[canyon]] (facing the sea) and it is set on a fracture slightly enlarged by water.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Russo|first1=Riccardo|last2=Valente|first2=Sara|last3=Colangelo|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Belmonte|first4=Genuario|year=2015|title=Meiofauna distribution on hard substrata in a submarine cave|url=|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|language=en|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=95|issue=8|pages=1555–1564|doi=10.1017/S002531541500051X}}</ref> |
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The main cave develops linearly for more than ''120 meters,'' which makes it one of the longest in all the Salento sub-peninsula. The cave is formed by different chambers: on the west side of the entrance there is a natural chamber about ''30 meters'' long and in the terminal part of the main cave there is a tiny beach. It was in this chamber that the speleologist ''Franco Grandi'' found a ''monk seal'', which gave the name to the cave itself. Inside a source of fresh water is available.<ref name=":3"> |
The main cave develops linearly for more than ''120 meters,'' which makes it one of the longest in all the Salento sub-peninsula. The cave is formed by different chambers: on the west side of the entrance there is a natural chamber about ''30 meters'' long and in the terminal part of the main cave there is a tiny beach. It was in this chamber that the speleologist ''Franco Grandi'' found a ''monk seal'', which gave the name to the cave itself. Inside a source of fresh water is available.<ref name=":3"> |
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=== Grotta Grande Del Ciolo === |
=== Grotta Grande Del Ciolo === |
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[[File:View of Grotta del Grande Ciolo.jpg|thumb|View of |
[[File:View of Grotta del Grande Ciolo.jpg|thumb|View of Grotta Grande del Ciolo]] |
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The |
The Grotta Grande Del Ciolo is also known by different names, such as Grotta degli Spiriti ''(Ghosts' Cave)'', Grotta dei Passeri ''(Sparrows' Cave)''{{efn|Both [[tree sparrow]] and [[willow sparrow]] are native to the area.}} and Bocca del Pozzo ''([[Well|Well's]] Mouth)''. The cave is semi-submerged and is characterized by a wide entrance, the result of an ancient phenomenon of collapse that partially occluded a portion of the archeological substrate of the cave, about ''20 meters'' above the sea level, leaving the remaining portion exposed to sea erosion provoked by the constant inflow and then outflow of water and waves.<ref name=":3" /> The cave develops longitudinally by ''120 meters'' and the height of the entrance is over ''30 meters,'' progressively decreasing along its longitudinal development.<ref name=":3" /> |
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The cave contains a pond generated by a source of fresh water which originates from a subterranean source near its location.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Montagna|first=Maria Teresa|date=|title=Indagini micologiche in alcune grotte della murgia barese e del territorio salentino: risultati preliminari|trans-title=Mycological investigations in some caves of the Bari murgia and the Salento territory: preliminary results|url=https://digilander.libero.it/speleocars/Spelaion%202000/04%20atti/pdf/attispelaion2000_097.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=it}}</ref> |
The cave contains a pond generated by a source of fresh water which originates from a subterranean source near its location.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Montagna|first=Maria Teresa|date=|title=Indagini micologiche in alcune grotte della murgia barese e del territorio salentino: risultati preliminari|trans-title=Mycological investigations in some caves of the Bari murgia and the Salento territory: preliminary results|url=https://digilander.libero.it/speleocars/Spelaion%202000/04%20atti/pdf/attispelaion2000_097.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=it}}</ref> |
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=== Grotta Delle Prazziche === |
=== Grotta Delle Prazziche === |
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Grotta Delle Prazziche |
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<ref name=":8" /> is one of the main caves near |
<ref name=":8" /> is one of the main caves near Ciolo, and is accessible by boat. The structure of the cave is circular, and at the top there is a vertical [[Siphon|syphon]] to the open air.<ref name=":3" /> |
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Many studies have been carried out inside and some prehistoric remains have been found, including handcrafts belonging to the Neolithic, [[Ceramic|ceramics]] and remains of [[Rhinoceros|rhinos]].<ref name=":1" /> |
Many studies have been carried out inside and some prehistoric remains have been found, including handcrafts belonging to the Neolithic, [[Ceramic|ceramics]] and remains of [[Rhinoceros|rhinos]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Geology == |
== Geology == |
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The eastern coast of |
The eastern coast of Salento is a noteworthy geological location due to the events that took place in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] area starting from the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref name=":10"> |
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{{Cite journal|last1=Margiotta|first1=S.|last2=Sansò|first2=P.|date=25 June 2014|title=The Geological Heritage of Otranto-Leuca Coast (Salento, Italy)|journal=Geoheritage|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12371-014-0126-8|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|volume=6|issue=4|pages=305–316|doi=10.1007/s12371-014-0126-8|s2cid=128873613|language=en}} |
{{Cite journal|last1=Margiotta|first1=S.|last2=Sansò|first2=P.|date=25 June 2014|title=The Geological Heritage of Otranto-Leuca Coast (Salento, Italy)|journal=Geoheritage|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12371-014-0126-8|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|volume=6|issue=4|pages=305–316|doi=10.1007/s12371-014-0126-8|s2cid=128873613|language=en}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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[[File:Canalone del Ciolo.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Limestone ridge of |
[[File:Canalone del Ciolo.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Limestone ridge of Ciolo|left]] |
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Ciolo is mostly formed by a [[basal|basal portion]]{{dn|date=January 2021}}, wich includes [[Limestone|limestones]] and bioclastic limestones dating back to the Cretaceous period and composed of [[Breccia|breccias]] and [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] of the [[Chattian|Chattian period]]. In this area there are deposits of [[Phosphate|phosphatic]] limestone formations, phosphatic conglomerates and phosphatic concentrations. These [[deposits]] contain abundant grains of [[glauconite]] and traces of ''Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann'' that indicate a date of the [[Serravallian|Serravallian period]]. |
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On the upper part of |
On the upper part of Ciolo<nowiki/>'s area, limestone annelids and Gastropods have been found together with Andrano's limestones, [[calcilutite]] and [[Porites]] colonies dating back to the [[Miocene]]. In this area the [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] process started in the Miocene, during the late [[Burdigalian]] time. |
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The limestone present in |
The limestone present in Ciolo<nowiki/>'s area is characterized by [[Bioclast|bioclastic]] calcarenites and calcirudites and it is recognizable by its parallel and oblique lamination. |
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<ref name=":2" /> |
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== Flora == |
== Flora == |
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In |
In Ciolo<nowiki/>'s area several botanical rarities can be found: [[mediterranean onion]] species, [[Fern|ferns]], the [[Alyssum]] of Leuca, the [[Cornflower blue|Fiordaliso]] of Leuca, the [[Campanula]] pugliese, the [[Vicia]] Giacominiana and several type of rare [[Orchidaceae|orchids]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|year=1987|title=Contributo alla distribuzione e alla cariologica di Allium commutatum guss in Puglia|trans-title=Contribution to the distribution and cariological of Allium commutatum guss in Puglia|url=https://www.academia.edu/9896256|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=it}}</ref> |
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=== Ferns === |
=== Ferns === |
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Ciolo is an hypogeal habitat for botanical species like [[Cryptogam|cryptogams]]: [[algae]], [[Moss|mosses]] and [[ferns]]. There are about sixty species of [[Bryophyte|bryophytes]] living in the caves of Apulia which have been studied, including fifteen types of ferns. |
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Focusing the attention on the caves in Apulia, it is worth considering the distribution of ferns ([[Filicopsida]]). Ferns have interested many scientists since the 1950s and 1960s, the biggest contributions to the studies in this area were made by: ''Franco Anelli, Francesco Orfino and Pietro Parenzan''. They mainly focused on [[Castellana Caves|Grotta di Castellana]] but extended their studies also to |
Focusing the attention on the caves in Apulia, it is worth considering the distribution of ferns ([[Filicopsida]]). Ferns have interested many scientists since the 1950s and 1960s, the biggest contributions to the studies in this area were made by: ''Franco Anelli, Francesco Orfino and Pietro Parenzan''. They mainly focused on [[Castellana Caves|Grotta di Castellana]] but extended their studies also to Ciolo. The [[University of Lecce]] undertook pteridological studies on this territory. |
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[[File:Ferns leaves.jpg|thumb|Close up on Ferns' leaves]] |
[[File:Ferns leaves.jpg|thumb|Close up on Ferns' leaves]] |
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The caves have very limited examples of [[Phototroph|phototrophic]] [[vegetation]]. There are some cases in which it is possible to find [[Etiolation|etiolate]] plants inside these caves. These plants grow from seeds transported by water, but without light they do not grow enough and then they die. For their sexed reproduction high [[humidity]] is essential, humidity is also the reason for the low [[desiccation]] process.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Beccarisi|first1=Leonardo|last2=Chiriacò|first2=Leonardo|last3=Marchiori|first3=Silvano|last4=Medagli|first4=Pietro|year=2001|title=Felci (Filicopsida) spontanee del Salento (Puglia, Italia)|trans-title=Spontaneous ferns (Filicopsida) of Salento (Puglia, Italy)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270273768|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=it}}</ref> |
The caves have very limited examples of [[Phototroph|phototrophic]] [[vegetation]]. There are some cases in which it is possible to find [[Etiolation|etiolate]] plants inside these caves. These plants grow from seeds transported by water, but without light they do not grow enough and then they die. For their sexed reproduction high [[humidity]] is essential, humidity is also the reason for the low [[desiccation]] process.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Beccarisi|first1=Leonardo|last2=Chiriacò|first2=Leonardo|last3=Marchiori|first3=Silvano|last4=Medagli|first4=Pietro|year=2001|title=Felci (Filicopsida) spontanee del Salento (Puglia, Italia)|trans-title=Spontaneous ferns (Filicopsida) of Salento (Puglia, Italy)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270273768|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=it}}</ref> |
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Ciolo's Caves are the only certified sites in Apulia where [[Asplenium marinum]] exists. Ciolo's Caves are on the boundary of the Eastern area of this species. |
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The [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the caves has determined their plant colonization. The wide entrance of some of the caves have created an ideal plant [[habitat]] and supports a major vegetal population. Populations are small and with a poor capability to adapt. There is scientific evidence that a unique event of colonization gave birth to single fern populations. Protected habitats can function as [[Animal shelter|shelter]]s (they protect some species) if they have particular micro-climatic conditions, thus they act for species which haven't found a balance with the changeable environment. |
The [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the caves has determined their plant colonization. The wide entrance of some of the caves have created an ideal plant [[habitat]] and supports a major vegetal population. Populations are small and with a poor capability to adapt. There is scientific evidence that a unique event of colonization gave birth to single fern populations. Protected habitats can function as [[Animal shelter|shelter]]s (they protect some species) if they have particular micro-climatic conditions, thus they act for species which haven't found a balance with the changeable environment. |
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The status of [[Phytogeography|phytogeographic relict]] can be defined only for some species of ferns. Following the hypothesis of [[Rodolfo Emilio Giuseppe Pichi-Sermolli|Pichi Sermolli]] the Asplenium marines in |
The status of [[Phytogeography|phytogeographic relict]] can be defined only for some species of ferns. Following the hypothesis of [[Rodolfo Emilio Giuseppe Pichi-Sermolli|Pichi Sermolli]] the Asplenium marines in Apulia in Ciolo could be a relic from the wet period of the [[Pleistocene]]. |
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It is possible to track different [[Chorology|chorological]] models in the |
It is possible to track different [[Chorology|chorological]] models in the Ciolo using the distribution of [[Asplenium marinum]]. There is an hypothesis that the species is present in this territory as a relic banished to an [[Hypogeal germination|hypogeal]] habitat due to climate changes. |
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=== Alyssum of Leuca === |
=== Alyssum of Leuca === |
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Along the paths that cover the area of |
Along the paths that cover the area of Ciolo some botanical species of flowers can be found such as the Alyssum, a typical plant of this part of the region. It can be easily found due to the fact that it usually grows under the solar exposition, it is resistant to both cold and warm weather, and it can grow in stony and dry areas. |
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=== Vicia Giacominiana === |
=== Vicia Giacominiana === |
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The |
The Vicia Giacominiana is a special type of plant native of Salento. It is a therophyte, and it is usually two meters high. It flowers during the months of April and May. |
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Its flowers are [[Fuchsia (color)|fuchsia]], arranged in groups of racemes with a stem twice the length of the leaves. The |
Its flowers are [[Fuchsia (color)|fuchsia]], arranged in groups of racemes with a stem twice the length of the leaves. The Vicia Giacominiana is found exclusively within herbaceous communities of plants. |
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=== Fiordaliso of Leuca === |
=== Fiordaliso of Leuca === |
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The |
The Fiordaliso of Leuca is a rare plant, native from the area of Salento, which grows above limestone cliffs and next to the sea. |
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It is a perennial, bushy and thick plant, that can reach the height of 30 up to 60 ''meters''. |
It is a perennial, bushy and thick plant, that can reach the height of 30 up to 60 ''meters''. |
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=== Carnation of Salento === |
=== Carnation of Salento === |
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The |
The Carnation of Salento, also called ''Dianthus Japigicus Bianco & Brull''o, of the [[Caryophyllaceae]] family, is a new species of Cernation born in Salento that grows on the limestone walls between Otranto and Santa Maria di Leuca. These plants have branched stems and their flowers consist of five pink or purple petals with a jagged edge. |
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<ref name=":7" /> |
<ref name=":7" /> |
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{{gallery|File:Pyramidal orchid.jpg|Pyramidal orchid|File:Campanula pugliese at Ciolo.jpg|Campanula pugliese at |
{{gallery|File:Pyramidal orchid.jpg|Pyramidal orchid|File:Campanula pugliese at Ciolo.jpg|Campanula pugliese at Ciolo|File:Alyssum of Leuca.jpg |
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|Carnation of |
|Carnation of Salento|File:Fiordaliso of Leuca.jpg|Fiordaliso Nobile|width=100|height=110|align=center|File:Carnation of Salento.jpg|Alisso of Leuca|File:Ophrys.jpg|Ophrys|title=|footer=Photos by Lory Mauro and Eugenia Alessia Casamassima}} |
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== Fauna == |
== Fauna == |
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=== Marine Fauna === |
=== Marine Fauna === |
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The area, being part of the "''Regional Park Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca Coast"'', has been the subject of numerous studies regarding the |
The area, being part of the "''Regional Park Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca Coast"'', has been the subject of numerous studies regarding the fauna. |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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{{Cite journal|last1=Todaro|first1=M. Antonio|last2=Leasi|first2=Francesca|last3=Bizzarri|first3=Nicoletta|last4=Tongiorgi|first4=Paolo|date=1 December 2005|title=Meiofauna densities and gastrotrich community composition in a Mediterranean sea cave|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00227-006-0299-z.pdf|journal=Marine Biology|language=|publisher=Springer-Verlag|publication-date=29 March 2006|volume=149|issue=5|pages=1079–1091|doi=10.1007/s00227-006-0299-z|s2cid=53122923|via=}}</ref> |
{{Cite journal|last1=Todaro|first1=M. Antonio|last2=Leasi|first2=Francesca|last3=Bizzarri|first3=Nicoletta|last4=Tongiorgi|first4=Paolo|date=1 December 2005|title=Meiofauna densities and gastrotrich community composition in a Mediterranean sea cave|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00227-006-0299-z.pdf|journal=Marine Biology|language=|publisher=Springer-Verlag|publication-date=29 March 2006|volume=149|issue=5|pages=1079–1091|doi=10.1007/s00227-006-0299-z|s2cid=53122923|via=}}</ref> |
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The |
The Grotta Piccola del Ciolo is considered as a protective nursery for the new born of different [[neurotic]]{{dn|date=January 2021}} species, [[fish]] and [[Echinoderm|echinoderms]]; in fact numerously [[starfish]], [[Sea urchin|sea urchins]], [[Brittle star|brittle stars]], [[Sea cucumber|sea cucumbers]], and [[Crustacean|crustaceans]] have been found. |
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<ref name=":4"> |
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{{Cite web|last1=Belmonte|first1=G.|last2=Onorato|first2=R.|last3=Denitto|first3=F.|last4=Costantini|first4=A.|last5=Bussotti|first5=S.|last6=Poto|first6=M.|date=|title=Novità esplorative e biologiche nelle grotte sottomarine del Canale d'Otranto|trans-title=Exploratory and biological news in the undersea caves of Canale d'Otranto|url=https://digilander.libero.it/speleocars/Spelaion%202000/04%20atti/pdf/attispelaion2000_173.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=digilander.libero.it|publisher=Università di Lecce|language=it}}</ref><ref> |
{{Cite web|last1=Belmonte|first1=G.|last2=Onorato|first2=R.|last3=Denitto|first3=F.|last4=Costantini|first4=A.|last5=Bussotti|first5=S.|last6=Poto|first6=M.|date=|title=Novità esplorative e biologiche nelle grotte sottomarine del Canale d'Otranto|trans-title=Exploratory and biological news in the undersea caves of Canale d'Otranto|url=https://digilander.libero.it/speleocars/Spelaion%202000/04%20atti/pdf/attispelaion2000_173.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=digilander.libero.it|publisher=Università di Lecce|language=it}}</ref><ref> |
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</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gennaio|first=Roberto|year=2014|title=Diffusion of Percnon Gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae) along the south Salento, Italy|url=http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/thalassiasal/article/view/14535|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ariani|first1=Antonio|last2=Wittiman|first2=karl|year=2016|title=Mysida (crustacea) from apulian (SE- Italy) Waters. First record of Gastrosaccus roscoffensis bacescu. 1970 italy|url=http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/thalassiasal/article/view/16537|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en}}</ref> |
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gennaio|first=Roberto|year=2014|title=Diffusion of Percnon Gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Grapsidae) along the south Salento, Italy|url=http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/thalassiasal/article/view/14535|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ariani|first1=Antonio|last2=Wittiman|first2=karl|year=2016|title=Mysida (crustacea) from apulian (SE- Italy) Waters. First record of Gastrosaccus roscoffensis bacescu. 1970 italy|url=http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/thalassiasal/article/view/16537|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en}}</ref> |
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Vagile [[Meiofauna]] is a kind of fauna which includes [[Invertebrate|invertebrates]] of marine and fresh water habitats. Knowledge about this particular branch of the fauna is scarce, however the area of the |
Vagile [[Meiofauna]] is a kind of fauna which includes [[Invertebrate|invertebrates]] of marine and fresh water habitats. Knowledge about this particular branch of the fauna is scarce, however the area of the Grotta del Ciolo has been the subject of many studies regarding the community composition of these populations of invertebrates. The studies conducted in 2002 were made using baked-plates, and positioning them in three levels.<ref> |
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{{Cite web|last=Martinez|first=Valente|date=2011|year=2011|title=Composition and time-space distribution of vagile meiofauna in the marine cave "Il Ciolo" (SE Italy, Mediterranean Sea)|url=http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?refid=208589|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.vliz.be|language=en|type=Dissertation}} |
{{Cite web|last=Martinez|first=Valente|date=2011|year=2011|title=Composition and time-space distribution of vagile meiofauna in the marine cave "Il Ciolo" (SE Italy, Mediterranean Sea)|url=http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?refid=208589|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.vliz.be|language=en|type=Dissertation}} |
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</ref><ref>{{Cite web|authors=Gianna Servello, Franco Andaloro, Ernesto Azzurro, Luca Castriota, Marcello Carta, Antonia Chiarore, Fabio Crocetta, Michela D’Alessandro, Francesco Denitto,Carlo Froglia, Cinzia Gravili, Martin R. Langer, Sabrina Lo Brutto,Francesco Mastrototaro, Antonella Petrocelli Carlo Ppipitone, Stefano Piraino,Giulio Relini, Donatella Serio, Nicholas Jason Xentidis and Argyro Zenetos|year=2019|title=Marine alien species in Italy: a contribution to the implementation of descriptor D2 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331433409|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en}}</ref> |
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|authors=Gianna Servello, Franco Andaloro, Ernesto Azzurro, Luca Castriota, Marcello Carta, Antonia Chiarore, Fabio Crocetta, Michela D’Alessandro, Francesco Denitto,Carlo Froglia, Cinzia Gravili, Martin R. Langer, Sabrina Lo Brutto,Francesco Mastrototaro, Antonella Petrocelli Carlo Ppipitone, Stefano Piraino,Giulio Relini, Donatella Serio, Nicholas Jason Xentidis and Argyro Zenetos|year=2019|title=Marine alien species in Italy: a contribution to the implementation of descriptor D2 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331433409|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|language=en}}</ref> |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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In this area the ''Arachnanthus Oligopodus,'' a species of the [[Arachnactidae]] family, has also been found in the depths of the |
In this area the ''Arachnanthus Oligopodus,'' a species of the [[Arachnactidae]] family, has also been found in the depths of the Grotta Piccola del Ciolo. |
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<ref name=":4" /> |
<ref name=":4" /> |
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In the |
In the Grotta Piccola del Ciolo, other species have also been found such as: ''Noctiluca Scintillans, Cassidulinacea indet.,Globigerinacea indet., Miliolina indet., Rotaliacea indet., Rotaliina indet. Spirillinidae, Textulariina indet., Astrosphaeridae indet., Spumellaridae indet., Acanthostomella conicoides, Condonella aspera, Codonellopsis monacensis, Codonellopsis schabii, Eutintinnus fraknoi, Eutintinnus tubulosus, Petalotricha ampulla, Rhabdonellaspiralis, Salpingella acuminata, Stenosemella ventricosa, Tiarinafusus, Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis campanula, Tintinnopsis cincta, Tintinnopsis lieni, Tintinnopsis radix, Undella cleparedei, Undella clevei'' and ''Undella subcaudata.''<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Onorato|first1=Michele|last2=Belmonte|first2=Genuario|year=2017|title=Submarine Caves of the Salento Peninsula: Faunal Aspects|url=http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/thalassiasal/article/view/18771|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=Centro di Speleologia Sottomarina Apogon|language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Plankton === |
=== Plankton === |
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=== Land Fauna === |
=== Land Fauna === |
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In the sand present in the bottom of the |
In the sand present in the bottom of the Grotta Piccola del Ciolo scientists discovered ''Arachnanthus oligopodus,'' previously found only in a cave in [[Marseille]]; ten species of interstitial [[Gastrotrich|Gastrotrichs]], three of which unknown; and, a species of [[Priapulida]], previously only known in the [[tropics]]. |
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<ref name=":4" /> |
<ref name=":4" /> |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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=== Paleoenviroment === |
=== Paleoenviroment === |
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In the |
In the Ciolo<nowiki/>'s area remnants of ''Hippwrites cornucopiae, Cymopolia decastroi'', Cymopolia barattoloi, dating back to the upper [[Maastrichtian]] age, were found. |
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<ref name=":2"> |
<ref name=":2"> |
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{{Cite web |
{{Cite web |
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== Tourism == |
== Tourism == |
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[[File:Aerial view of the famous beach of "Il Ciolo" in Gagliano del Capo, Italy.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Aerial view of the famous beach of " |
[[File:Aerial view of the famous beach of "Il Ciolo" in Gagliano del Capo, Italy.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Aerial view of the famous beach of "Il Ciolo" in Gagliano Del Capo]]During the summer season, the Ciolo is a tourist location. The morphology of the territory, with a number of caves and inlets, offers a spot protected from wind and sun, for all those who want to experience the sea and the coast. In the same period of the year the cove is sheltered from the wind and remains accessible in rough sea conditions.<ref name=":5"> |
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{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 August 2020|title=Il Ciolo, il rifugio dell'anima ai confini della terra|trans-title=Ciolo, the soul's haven at the end of the Earth|url=https://www.leccenews24.it/turismo/viaggi-itinerari/il-ciolo-rifugio-dell-anima-ai-confini-della-terra.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.leccenews24.it|language=it}} |
{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 August 2020|title=Il Ciolo, il rifugio dell'anima ai confini della terra|trans-title=Ciolo, the soul's haven at the end of the Earth|url=https://www.leccenews24.it/turismo/viaggi-itinerari/il-ciolo-rifugio-dell-anima-ai-confini-della-terra.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.leccenews24.it|language=it}} |
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</ref> The location attracts many tourists also due to its close proximity to |
</ref> The location attracts many tourists also due to its close proximity to Santa Maria di Leuca. |
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=== Trekking === |
=== Trekking === |
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The |
The Ciolo's area offers [[trekking]] and [[hiking]] activities via the footpaths of the ''Regional Natural Coastal Park'' to Novaglie'',''. This path is called The S''entiero'' ''del'' ''Vecchio'' ''Ciolo'' (''the path of the Old Ciolo''), and ''The Sentiero delle Cipolliane (the Cipolliane's path)'', and it gives access to the natural and historical features of the region. |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj1kEQ5vtMYC&q=Ciolo+puglia|title=Guida Arrampicata a Gagliano del Capo - Località Ciolo (Falesia di): Arrampicata Sportiva in Puglia|publisher=Riecon|year=2014|isbn=|volume=Volume 1301|location=|page=8|language=it|trans-title=Free Climbing Guide at Gagliano Del Capo - Località Ciolo}} |
{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj1kEQ5vtMYC&q=Ciolo+puglia|title=Guida Arrampicata a Gagliano del Capo - Località Ciolo (Falesia di): Arrampicata Sportiva in Puglia|publisher=Riecon|year=2014|isbn=|volume=Volume 1301|location=|page=8|language=it|trans-title=Free Climbing Guide at Gagliano Del Capo - Località Ciolo}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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==== Sentiero del vecchio Ciolo ==== |
==== Sentiero del vecchio Ciolo ==== |
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The path can be walked in both ways: from |
The path can be walked in both ways: from Ciolo to Gagliano Del Capo and vice-versa. |
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|
Ciolo can be reached on foot along a 4 ''kilometer'' path, starting from the center of Gagliano del Capo.<ref name=":13"> |
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{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Itinerario 6 le Marine di Gagliano del Capo: Baia del Ciolo, Marina di Novaglie|trans-title=Trail 6 the Marines of Gagliano Del Capo: Ciolo's Bay, Marine of Novaglie|url=http://www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it/territorio/itinerari/item/itinerario-6-le-marine-di-gagliano-del-capo-baia-del-ciolo-marina-di-novaglie?highlight=WyJjaW9sbyJd|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it|publisher=Comune di Gagliano Del Capo|language=it}} |
{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Itinerario 6 le Marine di Gagliano del Capo: Baia del Ciolo, Marina di Novaglie|trans-title=Trail 6 the Marines of Gagliano Del Capo: Ciolo's Bay, Marine of Novaglie|url=http://www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it/territorio/itinerari/item/itinerario-6-le-marine-di-gagliano-del-capo-baia-del-ciolo-marina-di-novaglie?highlight=WyJjaW9sbyJd|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it|publisher=Comune di Gagliano Del Capo|language=it}} |
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</ref> From |
</ref> From Ciolo to Gagliano del Capo it is possible to access the trail by a long staircase next to Ciolo's Bridge that provides access to the small cove; from there, leaving the sea behind, it is possible to climb the steep path that leads up to Gagliano del Capo. The route crosses the rock cliffs which contain numerous prehistoric caves; the whole path is completely surrounded by the characteristic Mediterranean landscape and also by certain rare species of plants such as the Alyssum of Leuca, the Vicia Giacominiana, the Anagyris foetida and different rare species of Orchidaceae.<ref name=":13" /> |
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Bird watchers can observe frequent sightings of migrating [[Wader|waders]], [[jackdaws]] and [[rock pigeons]]; whereas sightings of the [[Eleonora's falcon]] are rarer. It is also possible to see different small [[Chapel|chapels]] and votive [[Aedicula|aediculas]] in honour of ''Madonna di Leuca'', symbolic of the area.<ref name=":13" /><ref> |
Bird watchers can observe frequent sightings of migrating [[Wader|waders]], [[jackdaws]] and [[rock pigeons]]; whereas sightings of the [[Eleonora's falcon]] are rarer. It is also possible to see different small [[Chapel|chapels]] and votive [[Aedicula|aediculas]] in honour of ''Madonna di Leuca'', symbolic of the area.<ref name=":13" /><ref> |
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{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sentiero del Ciolo|trans-title=Ciolo's trail|url=http://www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it/territorio/gallerie-immagini/item/sentiero-del-ciolo?highlight=WyJjaW9sbyJd|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it|publisher=Comune di Gagliano del Capo|language=it}} |
{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sentiero del Ciolo|trans-title=Ciolo's trail|url=http://www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it/territorio/gallerie-immagini/item/sentiero-del-ciolo?highlight=WyJjaW9sbyJd|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it|publisher=Comune di Gagliano del Capo|language=it}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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[[File:View from Ciolo's Bridge.jpg|left|thumb|301x301px|View from |
[[File:View from Ciolo's Bridge.jpg|left|thumb|301x301px|View from Ponte Del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge)]] |
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=== High Diving === |
=== High Diving === |
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One of the main tourist attractions is |
One of the main tourist attractions is Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge), the bridge that connects the two crags and from which it is possible to [[high diving|high dive]]. |
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=== Scuba Diving === |
=== Scuba Diving === |
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It is possible to access the sea for swimming and [[scuba diving]]. |
It is possible to access the sea for swimming and [[scuba diving]]. |
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|via= |
|via= |
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}} |
}} |
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</ref> Scuba divers, in |
</ref> Scuba divers, in Ciolo, have also the opportunity to explore the Grotta Grande del Ciolo. Although some points of the cave are quite narrow, it is possible for divers to explore the cave for its entire length safely with a little preparation. |
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=== Rock Climbing === |
=== Rock Climbing === |
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The |
The Ciolo<nowiki/>'s cliff is the major [[sport climbing]] venue of the Salento region. It was the location of the ''Salento Climbing Fest'' event in 2013. |
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The cliff is equipped with expansion bolt protection, and was re-equipped as part of the ''Salento Verticale project'', by local climbers and the ''Ragni di [[Lecco]]'' mountaineering club, in 2013. |
The cliff is equipped with expansion bolt protection, and was re-equipped as part of the ''Salento Verticale project'', by local climbers and the ''Ragni di [[Lecco]]'' mountaineering club, in 2013. |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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There are over fifty routes, ranging in [[grade (climbing)]] from 4 to 7b+. |
There are over fifty routes, ranging in [[grade (climbing)]] from 4 to 7b+. Ciolo is also a location for [[deep water soloing|deep-water soloing]]. |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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=== The Legend === |
=== The Legend === |
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There is a local legend about |
There is a local legend about Ciolo which involves the [[Turks of Western Thrace|Turks]] and a bell. During an invasion in Apulia by the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] Army, the soldiers landed in the Ciolo's area and looted Gagliano del Capo. A bell was part of their loot, however they found themselves in a storm and the bell fell off the boat into the sea. It is said that the bell rings every 24th of December, the day of its disappearance. |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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{{Cite web |
{{Cite web |
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== The Regional Coastal Park == |
== The Regional Coastal Park == |
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The Otranto coast up to Santa Maria di Leuca is a [[Regional park]] that has been established by the Regional Law of the 26th October 2006 n.30 creating a protected area of priority interest. The park was created with the aim of safeguarding the natural heritage of the protected area and enhancing the territory on a sustainable management model, protecting its biodiversity and supporting the economy of the local communities. |
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It is one of the biggest natural parks in the province of [[Lecce]]. Its area extends along the Salento coast for 57 ''kilometers'' and embraces an important cultural, geological and landscape heritage characterized by the presence of faunistic and flogistic species. |
It is one of the biggest natural parks in the province of [[Lecce]]. Its area extends along the Salento coast for 57 ''kilometers'' and embraces an important cultural, geological and landscape heritage characterized by the presence of faunistic and flogistic species. |
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[[File:Otranto - baia delle orte12.jpg|thumb|314x314px|A part of the |
[[File:Otranto - baia delle orte12.jpg|thumb|314x314px|A part of the Regional Natural Coastal Park of "''Costa Otranto Santa Maria di Leuca Bosco di Tricase"'']] |
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The borders of the |
The borders of the Regional Park includes 12 municipalities of Lecce province: [[Alessano]], [[Andrano]], [[Castrignano del Capo]], Castro, [[Corsano]], [[Diso]], Gagliano del Capo, [[Ortelle]], Otranto, [[Santa Cesarea Terme]], [[Tiggiano]] and Tricase. |
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From a geological point of view the park is formed by a stratification which dates from the [[Late Cretaceous]] to the [[Quaternary]] periods. |
From a geological point of view the park is formed by a stratification which dates from the [[Late Cretaceous]] to the [[Quaternary]] periods. |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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Additionally there are also three [[Site of Community Importance]] included in |
Additionally there are also three [[Site of Community Importance]] included in The Regional Coastal Park: |
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* |
* The [[Oak|oak-trees]] ''Park of Castro.'' |
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* |
* The wood of Tricase |
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* |
* The wood "Le chiuse di Tiggiano " |
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=== The oak-trees Park of Castro === |
=== The oak-trees Park of Castro === |
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The park has a surface area of ''4,5 hectares'', part of the |
The park has a surface area of ''4,5 hectares'', part of the The Regional Coastal Park. It is a protected area full of several bird species and vegetation. The [[Quercus rotundifolia|Holm oak]] is predominant, an evergreen tree that can reach the maximum height of ''30 meters''. Typical Mediterranean plants such as [[Bay-tree]], hawthorn, campanula pugliese, [[hedera]] and different types of orchids are also present. |
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[[File:AdobeStock 272578977.jpg|thumb|313x313px|The oak-trees of |
[[File:AdobeStock 272578977.jpg|thumb|313x313px|The oak-trees of Castro]] |
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Between the park's woods there are several different species of particular birds, including [[owl]], [[Saxicolinae|robin]], [[Common nightingale|nightingale]] and [[Turtle Doves|turtle doves]]. In the rocky part of the park there is a big canal which picks up water from the rain and is surrounded by dense and inaccessible vegetation. |
Between the park's woods there are several different species of particular birds, including [[owl]], [[Saxicolinae|robin]], [[Common nightingale|nightingale]] and [[Turtle Doves|turtle doves]]. In the rocky part of the park there is a big canal which picks up water from the rain and is surrounded by dense and inaccessible vegetation. |
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=== The Wood of Tricase === |
=== The Wood of Tricase === |
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|
The Wood of Tricase is part of The Regional Coastal Park. It is an area full of oak-trees and ''orchids''. Regarding fauna, it is the area in which the ''monk seal'', one of the rarest mammals in Europe, has been spotted. |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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{{Cite web |
{{Cite web |
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=== The Wood "Le chiuse di Tiggiano" === |
=== The Wood "Le chiuse di Tiggiano" === |
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|
The Wood of Tiggiano extends along the sloped of the hills that reach the sea. The area is mainly dominated by species of trees such as [[Quercus ilex|holm oaks]], and in the more precipitous rocky areas the most prevalent are flowers such as the ''campanula pugliese'', the ''alyssum'' and the ''scrofularia pugliese''. |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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|width=250 |
|width=250 |
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|File:Ponte Ciolo.2.jpg |
|File:Ponte Ciolo.2.jpg |
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|Panoramic view of |
|Panoramic view of Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge) |
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|File:Ciolo canyon.jpg |
|File:Ciolo canyon.jpg |
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|Frame from the inside of the |
|Frame from the inside of the Ciolo canyon |
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|File:Sea_view_of_Ciolo.jpg |
|File:Sea_view_of_Ciolo.jpg |
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|View of the |
|View of the Ciolo canyon from the [[Adriatic Sea]] |
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|9=File:Ponte-Ciolo-01.jpg|10=View of the |
|9=File:Ponte-Ciolo-01.jpg|10=View of the Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge)|13=File:CioloBridgesummer.jpg|14=View of Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge) during tourism season|15=File:AdobeStock_298306970.jpg|16=View of Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge) from Sentiero delle Cipolliane|17=File:Grotta Grande del Ciolo.jpg|18=Grotta Grande del Ciolo}} |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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* [[Apulia]] |
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* [[Province of Lecce]] |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
{{notelist}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. -->{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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[http://www.parcootrantoleuca.it Regional Park "Costa Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca e Bosco di Tricase"] (in Italian) |
* [http://www.parcootrantoleuca.it Regional Park "Costa Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca e Bosco di Tricase"] (in Italian) |
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⚫ | * [http://www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it Comune of Gagliano del Capo] (in Italian) |
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⚫ | [http://www.comune.gaglianodelcapo.le.it Comune of Gagliano del Capo] (in Italian) |
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[[Category: Province of Lecce]] |
[[Category: Province of Lecce]] |
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[[Category: Caves]] |
[[Category: Caves]] |
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[[Category:Apulia]] |
[[Category:Apulia]] |
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[[Category:Canyons and gorges]] |
[[Category:Canyons and gorges]] |
Ciolo | |
---|---|
Show map of Italy Show map of Apulia | |
Floor elevation | 26 metres (100 ft) |
Length | 190 metres (620 ft) West-East |
Width | 49 metres (161 ft) North-South |
Depth | 144 metres (472 ft) |
Naming | |
Native name | "Ciole" Error {{native name checker}}: parameter value is malformed (help) |
English translation | Magpies |
Geography | |
Country | Italy |
State/Province | Apulia |
Population center | Gagliano del Capo |
Coordinates | 39°50′N 18°23′E / 39.84°N 18.38°E / 39.84; 18.38 |
Traversed by | Ciolo's Bridge, Ciolo's Trail, Cipolliane's Trail |
Ciolo is a narrow coastal inlet and a site of historical and environmental interest, which is located in Apulia, Italy. The location is also known as a geological site and for the presence of numerous sea caves, the largest one being the Grotta del Ciolo. Since October 2006 the Ciolo's area has become part of the Regional Park "Costa Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca e Bosco di Tricase", created by the Apulia region to protect the eastern coast of Salento, specifically the architectural assets as well as important animal and plant species.
The name Ciolo comes from the noun in salentino dialect "ciole", which refers to crowsormagpies, which are widespread in this region..[1][2]
Ciolo is located in the comune of Gagliano del Capo, in Apulia and it is part of the Regional Natural Coastal Park of "Costa Otranto Santa Maria di Leuca Bosco di Tricase".
Ciolo is dominated by Ponte Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge), a road bridge built in the 1960s. It crosses the inlet and connects the two shores of Santa Maria di Leuca and Novaglie. The single-span bridge is approximately 30 meters above water, 60 meters long and 10 meters wide.
The first structure, part of a project for the entire coastal road by the engineer Mario Carrone, envisaged a bridge with two continuous spans. This project was unfeasible due to the impossibility to build the central pile, as evidenced by the geo-technical report by the professor and engineer Vincenzo Cotecchia. At that point the engineer Antonio La Tegola was appointed. He adopted the technique of the Swiss engineer Robert Maillart, which required the incorporation of a thin vault and a stiffening deck. For this reason the structure the bridge was called Maillart's Bridge in the preliminary plans and studies.[3]
Ciolo's Bridge was built by rotating the previously planned road axis, an operation that was necessary to find the right supports for the span. There are still some concrete stumps under the current span, which were necessary for the construction of the rib.[3]
Since the construction in the 1960s the bridge has been object of reinforcement and consolidation's works, the last being in the summer of 2019.[3][4]
In Ciolo canyon there are several sea caves formed during the Neolithic and Paleolithic age. In total this area includes three different major caves: the Grotta Grande del Ciolo (Ciolo's Huge Cave), the Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo (Ciolo's Small Cave) and the Grotta Delle Prazziche (Cave of the Prazziche). [5][6]
Caves | Coordinates | Length (in meters) | Width (in meters) |
---|---|---|---|
Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo | 39° 50' 38'' N 18° 23' 11'' E | 120 | -missing- |
Grotta Grande Del Ciolo | 39° 50' 13'' N 18° 23' 04'' E | 120 | -missing- |
Grotta Delle Prazziche | 39° 50' 42" N 18° 23' 05.6" E | 40 | 6 |
The Grotta Piccola Del Ciolo, also called the "Grotta della foca monaca" (Cave of the monk seal), is a semi-submerged cave located in the homonymous cove. Its entrance is located on the west side of the canyon (facing the sea) and it is set on a fracture slightly enlarged by water.[7][8]
The main cave develops linearly for more than 120 meters, which makes it one of the longest in all the Salento sub-peninsula. The cave is formed by different chambers: on the west side of the entrance there is a natural chamber about 30 meters long and in the terminal part of the main cave there is a tiny beach. It was in this chamber that the speleologist Franco Grandi found a monk seal, which gave the name to the cave itself. Inside a source of fresh water is available.[7][9] From a strictly biological point of view, different studies have been carried out during the years in the cave by different research teams coordinated by the University of Salento, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and University of Urbino. Since 2000, studies have been performed on benthic hard substrate stands living in the cave as well as taxonomic studies on the fauna able to live on the sea bottom and on the planktonic one.[8] The studies have revealed a diverse sea bottom community even on little scale but very stable in time even if decreasing. The plankton analysed has appeared rich in nutrition, indicating that the decline of the community may relate to other factors, such as the possible infiltration of fresh water.[8]
The Grotta Grande Del Ciolo is also known by different names, such as Grotta degli Spiriti (Ghosts' Cave), Grotta dei Passeri (Sparrows' Cave)[a] and Bocca del Pozzo (Well's Mouth). The cave is semi-submerged and is characterized by a wide entrance, the result of an ancient phenomenon of collapse that partially occluded a portion of the archeological substrate of the cave, about 20 meters above the sea level, leaving the remaining portion exposed to sea erosion provoked by the constant inflow and then outflow of water and waves.[7] The cave develops longitudinally by 120 meters and the height of the entrance is over 30 meters, progressively decreasing along its longitudinal development.[7]
The cave contains a pond generated by a source of fresh water which originates from a subterranean source near its location.[10]
Grotta Delle Prazziche [1] is one of the main caves near Ciolo, and is accessible by boat. The structure of the cave is circular, and at the top there is a vertical syphon to the open air.[7] Many studies have been carried out inside and some prehistoric remains have been found, including handcrafts belonging to the Neolithic, ceramics and remains of rhinos.[5]
The eastern coast of Salento is a noteworthy geological location due to the events that took place in the Mediterranean area starting from the Cretaceous period.[11]
Ciolo is mostly formed by a basal portion[disambiguation needed], wich includes limestones and bioclastic limestones dating back to the Cretaceous period and composed of breccias and conglomerates of the Chattian period. In this area there are deposits of phosphatic limestone formations, phosphatic conglomerates and phosphatic concentrations. These deposits contain abundant grains of glauconite and traces of Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann that indicate a date of the Serravallian period. [12][13]
On the upper part of Ciolo's area, limestone annelids and Gastropods have been found together with Andrano's limestones, calcilutite and Porites colonies dating back to the Miocene. In this area the sedimentary process started in the Miocene, during the late Burdigalian time. [12] [14]
The limestone present in Ciolo's area is characterized by bioclastic calcarenites and calcirudites and it is recognizable by its parallel and oblique lamination. [15]
In Ciolo's area several botanical rarities can be found: mediterranean onion species, ferns, the Alyssum of Leuca, the Fiordaliso of Leuca, the Campanula pugliese, the Vicia Giacominiana and several type of rare orchids.[16]
Ciolo is an hypogeal habitat for botanical species like cryptogams: algae, mosses and ferns. There are about sixty species of bryophytes living in the caves of Apulia which have been studied, including fifteen types of ferns.
Focusing the attention on the caves in Apulia, it is worth considering the distribution of ferns (Filicopsida). Ferns have interested many scientists since the 1950s and 1960s, the biggest contributions to the studies in this area were made by: Franco Anelli, Francesco Orfino and Pietro Parenzan. They mainly focused on Grotta di Castellana but extended their studies also to Ciolo. The University of Lecce undertook pteridological studies on this territory.
The caves have very limited examples of phototrophic vegetation. There are some cases in which it is possible to find etiolate plants inside these caves. These plants grow from seeds transported by water, but without light they do not grow enough and then they die. For their sexed reproduction high humidity is essential, humidity is also the reason for the low desiccation process.[17]
Ciolo's Caves are the only certified sites in Apulia where Asplenium marinum exists. Ciolo's Caves are on the boundary of the Eastern area of this species.
The morphology of the caves has determined their plant colonization. The wide entrance of some of the caves have created an ideal plant habitat and supports a major vegetal population. Populations are small and with a poor capability to adapt. There is scientific evidence that a unique event of colonization gave birth to single fern populations. Protected habitats can function as shelters (they protect some species) if they have particular micro-climatic conditions, thus they act for species which haven't found a balance with the changeable environment.
The status of phytogeographic relict can be defined only for some species of ferns. Following the hypothesis of Pichi Sermolli the Asplenium marines in Apulia in Ciolo could be a relic from the wet period of the Pleistocene. [18]
It is possible to track different chorological models in the Ciolo using the distribution of Asplenium marinum. There is an hypothesis that the species is present in this territory as a relic banished to an hypogeal habitat due to climate changes.
Along the paths that cover the area of Ciolo some botanical species of flowers can be found such as the Alyssum, a typical plant of this part of the region. It can be easily found due to the fact that it usually grows under the solar exposition, it is resistant to both cold and warm weather, and it can grow in stony and dry areas.
The Vicia Giacominiana is a special type of plant native of Salento. It is a therophyte, and it is usually two meters high. It flowers during the months of April and May.
Its flowers are fuchsia, arranged in groups of racemes with a stem twice the length of the leaves. The Vicia Giacominiana is found exclusively within herbaceous communities of plants.
The Fiordaliso of Leuca is a rare plant, native from the area of Salento, which grows above limestone cliffs and next to the sea.
It is a perennial, bushy and thick plant, that can reach the height of 30 up to 60 meters. [19]
The Carnation of Salento, also called Dianthus Japigicus Bianco & Brullo, of the Caryophyllaceae family, is a new species of Cernation born in Salento that grows on the limestone walls between Otranto and Santa Maria di Leuca. These plants have branched stems and their flowers consist of five pink or purple petals with a jagged edge. [19]
Photos by Lory Mauro and Eugenia Alessia Casamassima
The area, being part of the "Regional Park Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca Coast", has been the subject of numerous studies regarding the fauna. [20] Studies show that thirty-two different fish species are present. [21][22]
The Grotta Piccola del Ciolo is considered as a protective nursery for the new born of different neurotic[disambiguation needed] species, fish and echinoderms; in fact numerously starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and crustaceans have been found. [23][24][25][26]
Vagile Meiofauna is a kind of fauna which includes invertebrates of marine and fresh water habitats. Knowledge about this particular branch of the fauna is scarce, however the area of the Grotta del Ciolo has been the subject of many studies regarding the community composition of these populations of invertebrates. The studies conducted in 2002 were made using baked-plates, and positioning them in three levels.[27][28]
After 24 months in total (it took 24 months to make the number of taxa and abundances at the three distinguishable positions) the results showed that Harpacticoida copepods, Nematoda and Foraminifera were the most abundant meiofaunal taxa (the panel surface removed and studied was a total of 75 taxa). Each position of the three showed different results, they revealed a high colonisation capacity of the meiofauna, an active and passive interaction with the algae. The presence of the algae makes the habitat more complex in terms of protection from predators and trophic[disambiguation needed] source.
The way in which the agile meiofauna is distributed is due to environmental constraints, the artificial substrates and their dispersal properties. These studies concluded that making a better taxonomical identification and using a more effective capture method will help in a more detailed individualism of the differences. [29]
In this area the Arachnanthus Oligopodus, a species of the Arachnactidae family, has also been found in the depths of the Grotta Piccola del Ciolo. [23]
In the Grotta Piccola del Ciolo, other species have also been found such as: Noctiluca Scintillans, Cassidulinacea indet.,Globigerinacea indet., Miliolina indet., Rotaliacea indet., Rotaliina indet. Spirillinidae, Textulariina indet., Astrosphaeridae indet., Spumellaridae indet., Acanthostomella conicoides, Condonella aspera, Codonellopsis monacensis, Codonellopsis schabii, Eutintinnus fraknoi, Eutintinnus tubulosus, Petalotricha ampulla, Rhabdonellaspiralis, Salpingella acuminata, Stenosemella ventricosa, Tiarinafusus, Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis campanula, Tintinnopsis cincta, Tintinnopsis lieni, Tintinnopsis radix, Undella cleparedei, Undella clevei and Undella subcaudata.[30]
Since 2000, studies have shown the presence of benthic populations of hard substrate living in the caves. The data that emerged refer to a highly varied benthic wall community, on a small scale but very stable over time since, studied with two-year engraftment experiments.
The cave plankton appeared to be more affected by the hyperbenthos than the external specimens.
Mysidacea represented the most conspicuous component of the cave plankton, with two species typical in the Salento marine caves, Hemimysis margalefi and Siriella jaltensis. Harpacticoida copepods, together with asexual algal propagules, dominate the cave plankton numerically, whereas Calanoida and Cyclopoida copepods with mollusc veligers characterise the plankton of the external environment.
The annual community composition changes seasonally, with clear horizontal partitioning of the plankton and significant differences between the two stations of the cave.
Higher water turbulence has been proposed as the reason for the presence of asexual propagules even in the inner cave station. An explanation of the benthos impoverishment has been proposed as an alternative to the current ‘trophic depletion’ theory.[31] [32]
In the sand present in the bottom of the Grotta Piccola del Ciolo scientists discovered Arachnanthus oligopodus, previously found only in a cave in Marseille; ten species of interstitial Gastrotrichs, three of which unknown; and, a species of Priapulida, previously only known in the tropics. [23] [33]
In the Ciolo's area remnants of Hippwrites cornucopiae, Cymopolia decastroi, Cymopolia barattoloi, dating back to the upper Maastrichtian age, were found. [15][34]
During the summer season, the Ciolo is a tourist location. The morphology of the territory, with a number of caves and inlets, offers a spot protected from wind and sun, for all those who want to experience the sea and the coast. In the same period of the year the cove is sheltered from the wind and remains accessible in rough sea conditions.[35] The location attracts many tourists also due to its close proximity to Santa Maria di Leuca.
The Ciolo's area offers trekking and hiking activities via the footpaths of the Regional Natural Coastal Park to Novaglie,. This path is called The Sentiero del Vecchio Ciolo (the path of the Old Ciolo), and The Sentiero delle Cipolliane (the Cipolliane's path), and it gives access to the natural and historical features of the region. [36]
The path can be walked in both ways: from Ciolo to Gagliano Del Capo and vice-versa.
Ciolo can be reached on foot along a 4 kilometer path, starting from the center of Gagliano del Capo.[37] From Ciolo to Gagliano del Capo it is possible to access the trail by a long staircase next to Ciolo's Bridge that provides access to the small cove; from there, leaving the sea behind, it is possible to climb the steep path that leads up to Gagliano del Capo. The route crosses the rock cliffs which contain numerous prehistoric caves; the whole path is completely surrounded by the characteristic Mediterranean landscape and also by certain rare species of plants such as the Alyssum of Leuca, the Vicia Giacominiana, the Anagyris foetida and different rare species of Orchidaceae.[37] Bird watchers can observe frequent sightings of migrating waders, jackdaws and rock pigeons; whereas sightings of the Eleonora's falcon are rarer. It is also possible to see different small chapels and votive aediculas in honour of Madonna di Leuca, symbolic of the area.[37][38]
One of the main tourist attractions is Ponte del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge), the bridge that connects the two crags and from which it is possible to high dive.
It is possible to access the sea for swimming and scuba diving. [39] Scuba divers, in Ciolo, have also the opportunity to explore the Grotta Grande del Ciolo. Although some points of the cave are quite narrow, it is possible for divers to explore the cave for its entire length safely with a little preparation.
The Ciolo's cliff is the major sport climbing venue of the Salento region. It was the location of the Salento Climbing Fest event in 2013.
The cliff is equipped with expansion bolt protection, and was re-equipped as part of the Salento Verticale project, by local climbers and the Ragni di Lecco mountaineering club, in 2013. [40]
There are over fifty routes, ranging in grade (climbing) from 4 to 7b+. Ciolo is also a location for deep-water soloing. [41]
There is a local legend about Ciolo which involves the Turks and a bell. During an invasion in Apulia by the Turkish Army, the soldiers landed in the Ciolo's area and looted Gagliano del Capo. A bell was part of their loot, however they found themselves in a storm and the bell fell off the boat into the sea. It is said that the bell rings every 24th of December, the day of its disappearance. [42][43]
The Otranto coast up to Santa Maria di Leuca is a Regional park that has been established by the Regional Law of the 26th October 2006 n.30 creating a protected area of priority interest. The park was created with the aim of safeguarding the natural heritage of the protected area and enhancing the territory on a sustainable management model, protecting its biodiversity and supporting the economy of the local communities.
It is one of the biggest natural parks in the province of Lecce. Its area extends along the Salento coast for 57 kilometers and embraces an important cultural, geological and landscape heritage characterized by the presence of faunistic and flogistic species.
The borders of the Regional Park includes 12 municipalities of Lecce province: Alessano, Andrano, Castrignano del Capo, Castro, Corsano, Diso, Gagliano del Capo, Ortelle, Otranto, Santa Cesarea Terme, Tiggiano and Tricase.
From a geological point of view the park is formed by a stratification which dates from the Late Cretaceous to the Quaternary periods.
The constitution of the park aims principally at safeguarding and the protecting the historic - architectonic heritage, the coastal system and the autocrathonous greenery, with particular attention to the Quercus macrolepis. [44]
Additionally there are also three Site of Community Importance included in The Regional Coastal Park:
The park has a surface area of 4,5 hectares, part of the The Regional Coastal Park. It is a protected area full of several bird species and vegetation. The Holm oak is predominant, an evergreen tree that can reach the maximum height of 30 meters. Typical Mediterranean plants such as Bay-tree, hawthorn, campanula pugliese, hedera and different types of orchids are also present.
Between the park's woods there are several different species of particular birds, including owl, robin, nightingale and turtle doves. In the rocky part of the park there is a big canal which picks up water from the rain and is surrounded by dense and inaccessible vegetation.
The Wood of Tricase is part of The Regional Coastal Park. It is an area full of oak-trees and orchids. Regarding fauna, it is the area in which the monk seal, one of the rarest mammals in Europe, has been spotted. [45]
The Wood of Tiggiano extends along the sloped of the hills that reach the sea. The area is mainly dominated by species of trees such as holm oaks, and in the more precipitous rocky areas the most prevalent are flowers such as the campanula pugliese, the alyssum and the scrofularia pugliese.
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