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==Phylogeny== |
==Phylogeny== |
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Molecular [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates the [[taxon]] Clavicipitaceae is [[paraphyletic]], and consists of three well-defined [[cladistics|clade]]s, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family ([[Hypocreaceae]]).<ref name="pmid17555990">{{cite journal |author=Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, Spatafora JW |title=A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach |journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=1204–23 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17555990 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.011 |url=}}</ref> The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by |
Molecular [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates the [[taxon]] Clavicipitaceae is [[paraphyletic]], and consists of three well-defined [[cladistics|clade]]s, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family ([[Hypocreaceae]]).<ref name="pmid17555990">{{cite journal |author=Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, Spatafora JW |title=A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach |journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=1204–23 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17555990 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.011 |url=}}</ref> The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts, as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi.<ref name="Spatafora">{{cite journal|author=Spatafora JW, Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, White JF Jr.|year= 2007|title=Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes|journal= Mol. Ecol.|volume=16|pages= 1701–1711|pmid=17402984|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03225.x|issue=8}}</ref> |
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==Significance== |
==Significance== |
Clavicipitaceae | |
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Claviceps purpurea | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Division: | |
Subdivision: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | Clavicipitaceae O.E.Erikss. (1982)[1] |
Type genus | |
Claviceps Tul. (1853) | |
Genera | |
See text |
The Clavicipitaceae are a familyoffungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genera and 321 species in the family.[2]
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates the taxon Clavicipitaceae is paraphyletic, and consists of three well-defined clades, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family (Hypocreaceae).[3] The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts, as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi.[4]
Many of its members produce alkaloids toxic to animals and humans. One of its most infamous species is Claviceps purpurea, which has historical significance as the cause of St. Anthony's fire, also known as ergotism. Ergotism is caused by ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and ergocristine, which are chemical derivatives of lysergic acid. Metarhizium species are widely used in the biological control of insect pests.[5]
Teleomorphic genera (having a known sexual cycle)
Aciculosporium – Ascopolyporus—Atkinsonella—Atricordyceps—Balansia – Berkelella – Cavimalum – Cepsiclava – Claviceps – Cordycepioideus – Dussiella – Epichloë – Epicrea – Helminthascus – Heteroepichloë – Hypocrella – Konradia – Loculistroma – Metacordyceps – Moelleriella – Mycomalmus – Myriogenospora – Neobarya – Neoclaviceps – Neocordyceps – Parepichloë – Phytocordyceps – Podocrella – Regiocrella – Romanoa – Shimizuomyces – Sphaerocordyceps – Stereocrea – Villosiclava – Wakefieldiomyces
Anamorphic genera (having no known sexual cycle):
Aschersonia – Beauveria – Chaunopycnis – Corallocytostroma – Culicinomyces – Drechmeria – Ephelis – Gibellula – Haptocillium – Harposporium – Hirsutella – Hymenostilbe – Mariannaea – Metarhizium – Neomunkia – Neotyphodium – Nomuraea – Paecilomyces – Pochonia – Polycephalomyces – Pseudogibellula – Simplicillium – Sorosporella – Ustilaginoidea
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