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The limited water resources available in Tunisia means that the country is very susceptible to small changes in ambient temperature that result in the even further reduced water availability. This makes the agricultural activities more vulnerable to the effects of climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sbaouelgi |first1=Jihène |title=Impact of Climate Change on Date Production in Tunisia |journal=Environmental Modeling & Assessment |date=October 2018 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=597–607 |id={{ProQuest|2041233665}} |doi=10.1007/s10666-018-9604-8 |bibcode=2018EMdAs..23..597S |s2cid=158243682 }}</ref> As a result of stressors such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and change in precipitation patterns, potential risks to agriculture in Tunisia include decrease in crop yields, shifts in growing seasons, degradation of soil quality and productivity, increased salinization of aquifers and decreased availability of water for irrigation. These changes are likely to affect an increase in food prices and food shortages as well as economic losses, both national and household incomes.<ref name=":2" /> |
The limited water resources available in Tunisia means that the country is very susceptible to small changes in ambient temperature that result in the even further reduced water availability. This makes the agricultural activities more vulnerable to the effects of climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sbaouelgi |first1=Jihène |title=Impact of Climate Change on Date Production in Tunisia |journal=Environmental Modeling & Assessment |date=October 2018 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=597–607 |id={{ProQuest|2041233665}} |doi=10.1007/s10666-018-9604-8 |bibcode=2018EMdAs..23..597S |s2cid=158243682 }}</ref> As a result of stressors such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and change in precipitation patterns, potential risks to agriculture in Tunisia include decrease in crop yields, shifts in growing seasons, degradation of soil quality and productivity, increased salinization of aquifers and decreased availability of water for irrigation. These changes are likely to affect an increase in food prices and food shortages as well as economic losses, both national and household incomes.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Climate change affects cities more as the ventures in the urban areas are massive contributors to climate change.<ref name="Ben Youssef 2022"/> According to the UN Habitat, 2021, city areas account for about 70% of CO2 emissions.<ref name="Ben Youssef 2022"/> Urban population in Tunisia is increasing. Currently, 69% of the population in Tunisia lives in cities, and this population is expected to reach 80% by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nouhaile |first=Benachir |date=2023 |title=Best practices about climate change in Tunisian cities |
Climate change affects cities more as the ventures in the urban areas are massive contributors to climate change.<ref name="Ben Youssef 2022"/> According to the UN Habitat, 2021, city areas account for about 70% of CO2 emissions.<ref name="Ben Youssef 2022"/> Urban population in Tunisia is increasing. Currently, 69% of the population in Tunisia lives in cities, and this population is expected to reach 80% by 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nouhaile |first=Benachir |date=2023 |title=Best practices about climate change in Tunisian cities |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4566966}}</ref> The climate in Tunisia in the north reflect the precipitation and temperature patterns of Mediterranean climate. The climate becomes hotter and drier further moving to the South. The graph shows climactic averages in Tunisia throughout the year, and includes days with frost, daytime length, wet days, average wind speeds, sea temperature, max temperature, and average summertime day length. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Graph for Tunis, Tunisia |url=http://www.tunis.climatemps.com/graph.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.tunis.climatemps.com}}</ref> |
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== Socio-economic impacts and the environment == |
== Socio-economic impacts and the environment == |
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Tunisia, which has been classified as a lower-middle income country according to the [[World Bank Group|World Bank group]], has made significant strides in political transformation toward democratic systems and more transparent governance structures.<ref>{{Cite web |website=World Bank Group |date=2020 |title=Learning for All Investing in People's Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development |url=http://wbgfiles.worldbank.org/documents/hdn/ed/saber/Education_Strategy_2020.pdf |access-date=December 7, 2023}}</ref> This includes a restructuring of established political norms and policy. However, its economic growth has not advanced at a similar pace.<ref name=":1"/> The nation grapples with political fragmentation and a lack of consensus on crucial economic reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DC |first=Arab Center Washington |date=2023-08-23 |title= |
Tunisia, which has been classified as a lower-middle income country according to the [[World Bank Group|World Bank group]], has made significant strides in political transformation toward democratic systems and more transparent governance structures.<ref>{{Cite web |website=World Bank Group |date=2020 |title=Learning for All Investing in People's Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development |url=http://wbgfiles.worldbank.org/documents/hdn/ed/saber/Education_Strategy_2020.pdf |access-date=December 7, 2023}}</ref> This includes a restructuring of established political norms and policy. However, its economic growth has not advanced at a similar pace.<ref name=":1"/> The nation grapples with political fragmentation and a lack of consensus on crucial economic reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DC |first=Arab Center Washington |date=2023-08-23 |title=Tunisia’s Fragmented and Polarized Political Landscape |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/tunisias-fragmented-and-polarized-political-landscape/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, the ongoing conflict in neighboring Libya has compounded economic challenges, contributing to social discontent and soaring unemployment, particularly among the youth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Since the [[Tunisian Revolution|Tunisian revolution of 2011]], the Ministry of Local Affairs and Environment, the responsible entity at the national level, and municipalities have been engaged in an ongoing process to increase decentralized decision making and involvement at the local level. Such practices are critical for climate change adaptation at the urban level.<ref name="Ben Youssef 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Ben Youssef |first1=Adel |title=Climate change in the Tunisian cities: lessons learned and best practices |journal=Environmental Economics and Policy Studies |date=13 October 2022 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s10018-022-00353-x |pmc=9559540 }}</ref> |
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The coastal regions of Tunisia have a Mediterranean climate, which allows the production and cultivation of fruits, like grapes and vineyards, and olives.<ref name=":0" /> However, the country of Tunisia is large and also has zones of desert where farming techniques have adapted to flourish among low rainfall and extreme heat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tunisia {{!}} Water efficiency, productivity and sustainability in the NENA regions (WEPS-NENA) {{!}} منظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/water-efficiency-nena/countries/tunisia/ar/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Because of Tunisia’s diverse climate and seaside attractions, tourism has been an important source of revenue for the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia Tourism Revenue Up 58% in 5 Months |url=https://tunisia-e-visa.com/tunisia-tourism-revenue-up-58-per-cent-in-5-months/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=tunisia-e-visa.com}}</ref> However, seaside tourism and [[urban sprawl]] along the coasts have had negatively affected coastal landscapes and natural resources.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-78574-1_9 |chapter=The Environment and Sustainable Development in Front of the Artificialisation of the Coastlines: Coasts of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria |title=Agro-Environmental Sustainability in MENA Regions |series=Springer Water |date=2021 |last1=Ben Attia |first1=O. |last2=Fersi |first2=F. |last3=Rejab |first3=H. |pages=209–229 |isbn=978-3-030-78573-4 |s2cid=240653318 }}</ref> |
The coastal regions of Tunisia have a Mediterranean climate, which allows the production and cultivation of fruits, like grapes and vineyards, and olives.<ref name=":0" /> However, the country of Tunisia is large and also has zones of desert where farming techniques have adapted to flourish among low rainfall and extreme heat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tunisia {{!}} Water efficiency, productivity and sustainability in the NENA regions (WEPS-NENA) {{!}} منظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/water-efficiency-nena/countries/tunisia/ar/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Because of Tunisia’s diverse climate and seaside attractions, tourism has been an important source of revenue for the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia Tourism Revenue Up 58% in 5 Months |url=https://tunisia-e-visa.com/tunisia-tourism-revenue-up-58-per-cent-in-5-months/ |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=tunisia-e-visa.com}}</ref> However, seaside tourism and [[urban sprawl]] along the coasts have had negatively affected coastal landscapes and natural resources.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-78574-1_9 |chapter=The Environment and Sustainable Development in Front of the Artificialisation of the Coastlines: Coasts of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria |title=Agro-Environmental Sustainability in MENA Regions |series=Springer Water |date=2021 |last1=Ben Attia |first1=O. |last2=Fersi |first2=F. |last3=Rejab |first3=H. |pages=209–229 |isbn=978-3-030-78573-4 |s2cid=240653318 }}</ref> |
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