Crom Dubh: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Mythological and folkloric figure of Ireland}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

'''Crom Dubh''' ({{IPA-sga|krom duβ|lang}}, {{IPA-gd|kʰɾɔum t̪uh|lang}}; meaning "[[:wikt:dubh|black]] [[:wikt:crom|crooked]] [one]"; also ''Crum Dubh'', ''Dark Crom'') is a mythological and folkloric figure of [[Ireland]], based on the god ''[[Crom Cruach]]'', mentioned in the 12th-century ''[[Metrical Dindshenchas|dinnseanchas]]'' of [[Magh Slécht]].<ref>Nutt, ''The Celtic Doctrine of Re-Birth'' (1897), p. 149.</ref>

== Folklore ==

=== Conflict with Saint Patrick ===

According to one legend, [[Cainnech of Aghaboe]] saw a number of demons flying past and when he inquired of their errand, one of them told him that Crom Dubh had died and they were after collecting his soul. Cainnech bid him on their return to tell him how they had fared. Some time later the demon returned limping badly. He told Cainnech that they were just about to seize Crom Dubh's soul when [[St Patrick]] appeared with a host of angels and saints and drove them off, Crom Dubh's good works having outweighed his sins.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d5XcDwAAQBAJ&dq=crom+dubh&pg=PA30 "The Book of Fermoy", ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'', Dublin. M.H. O'Neil, 1870, p.30]{{PD-notice}}</ref>[[File:Dun Briste in the sea.jpg|thumb|Dun Briste at Downpatrick Head is the site of the battle between St. Patrick and Crom Dubh.]]

[[File:Poll a' Sin Tine.jpg|thumb|Poll a' Sean Tine at Downpatrick Head]]

Another location associated with Crom Dubh is Downpatrick Head in County Mayo. According to Irish legend, St. Patrick came to the headland to confront Crom Dubh, who is variously identified as a pagan chieftain, god, pirate, or robber. Crom Dubh attempted to throw St. Patrick into an eternal fire, but Patrick countered by drawing a cross on a stone and casting it into the fire, which became Poll a' Sean Tine (the hole of the old fire). Crom Dubh was then driven by St. Patrick into his home of Dun Briste, which Patrick separated from the mainland by driving his crozier into the ground. The site of Downpatrick Head became an important place of ritual and pilgrimage during the Festival of [[Lughnasadh]] - similar to [[Croagh Patrick]]. The alternate names associated with Crom Dubh at Downpatrick Head include Cormac Dubh, Geodrisg, Deodrisg and Leodrisg. In other stories St. Patrick banishes the snakes of Ireland to Dun Briste.<ref>{{cite web |title=Majestic Downpatrick Head, Ballycastle, Co. Mayo |url=https://www.northmayo.ie/downpatrick-head-ballycastle-co-mayo/ |website=North Mayo |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

According to another local folktale, ''Crom Dubh'' was a servant of St. Patrick who gathered wood for the Saint to cook food for the needy. Crom Dubh interrupted St. Patrick during Mass on Crom Dubh Sunday by asking when the Sluagh Sidhe would go to Paradise, to which St. Patrick responded they would not go there until the Last Judgment. Before that day, the people would put their sickles in the corn and their spades in the ground, and the invisible ''Sidhfir'' would do the agricultural work for them, but after that day, the ''Sidhfir'' would no longer do any work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=David |title=Popular Tales of Ireland |date=1880 |publisher=Revue Celtique |page=175 |url=https://archive.org/details/revueceltiqu04pari/page/174/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>

=== Crom Dubh Sunday ===

''Dé Domhnaigh Crum-Dubh'' (Crom Dubh Sunday)<ref>{{cite web|title=Celtic Gods, Crom Cruaich|url=http://www.shee-eire.com/magic&mythology/gods&goddess/Celtic/Gods/Crom-Cruaich/Page1.htm|url-status=dead|work=Magic of Mythology|quote=Festivals: Domhnach Crom Dubh - Last Sunday in July or First Sunday in August. During Lughnasadh - (The August festival of Lugh)...|accessdate=9 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704062055/http://www.shee-eire.com/magic%26mythology/gods%26goddess/Celtic/Gods/Crom-Cruaich/Page1.htm|archivedate=4 July 2010}}</ref> was traditionally celebrated on the last Sunday in July or the first Sunday in August and is alternatively known as [[Reek Sunday|Garland Sunday]] or [[Lammas|Lammas Sunday]]. The traditional gathering on Crom Dubh Sunday was known as ''Comthineol Chruim Duibh'' or the Congregation of Crom Dubh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Synge, Inagh {{!}} The Schools' Collection|url=https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4922355/4873660|access-date=2021-12-24|website=dúchas.ie|language=en}}</ref> On this day, families held a feast of the first fruits that included new bacon, new cabbage, and new potatoes, and any man who could not provide food for his family was known as a "wind farmer." Crom Dubh was understood as a god of sacrifice, and in historic times celebrants left flowers on the ''Altóir na Greine'' or Altar of the Sun on Crom Dubh Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Synge, Inagh {{!}} The Schools' Collection|url=https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4922355/4873658|access-date=2021-12-24|website=dúchas.ie|language=en}}</ref> A festival or ''oenach'' called ''Buaile na Greine'' was also held for several days adjoining Crom Dubh Sunday on [[Slievecallan|Mount Callan]] and included feasting, drinking, racing, hurling, singing and dancing; this festival was later replaced by a Christian festival to St. Muchan, which included prayers at the holy well. The ''Altóir na Greine'' was destroyed by a farmer in the 1800s to build a wall, and the stones were later reused for construction projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Synge, Inagh {{!}} The Schools' Collection|url=https://www.duchas.ie/en/cbes/4922355/4873662|access-date=2021-12-24|website=dúchas.ie|language=en}}</ref>

*[[Crom Cruach]]

==Sources==

* {{Dwelly}}

* [https://www.theirishplace.com/heritage/the-dullahan/ The Dullahan of Celtic Mythology]

[[Category:Irish folklore]]