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'''Cydnidae''' are a family of [[ |
'''Cydnidae''' are a family of [[shield bug]]s, known by [[common name]]s including '''burrowing bugs''' or '''burrower bugs'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stri.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Cydnidae&guide=Groups_Insecta |title=Cydnidae |publisher=[[Discover Life]] |access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> |
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In Goiás (Brazil) the flocks are observed in the rainy season, November to March, which coincide with the period in which adults of these insects are found in the soil. Currently the southwestern region of Goiás is the most attacked (Mineiros, Chapadão do Céu, Rio Verde and Jataí), south and southeast, in cotton, soybean, maize and pasture crops. Among the damages caused by the insect in the plant are: uneven growth of the plant, reduced growth, root lesions, large amount of dry leaves, reddish leaf, yellowing and subsequent dry; reduction of the stand, yellowing of the leaves and reduction of productivity. |
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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''BioLib'' includes the following subfamilies: |
''BioLib'' includes the following subfamilies: |
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*Amnestinae {{small|Hart, 1919}} |
*Amnestinae {{small|Hart, 1919}} |
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** †''[[Acanthamnestus]]'' {{small|Du, Yao & [[Michael S. Engel|Engel]], 2022}} [[ |
** †''[[Acanthamnestus]]'' {{small|Du, Yao & [[Michael S. Engel|Engel]], 2022}} ([[Cenomanian]], [[Burmese Amber]], Myanmar)<ref name=Acanthamnestus>{{cite journal |last1=Du |first1=S. |last2=Gu |first2=L. |last3=Engel |first3=M. S. |last4=Ren |first4=D. |last5=Yao |first5=Y. |year=2022 |title=Morphological Phylogeny of New Cretaceous Fossils Elucidates the Early History of Soil Dwelling Among Bugs |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |pages=Article 908044 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.908044 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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** ''[[Amnestus]]'' {{small|Dallas, 1851}} |
** ''[[Amnestus]]'' {{small|Dallas, 1851}} |
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** †''[[Chilamnestocoris]]'' {{small|Lis ''et al.'', 2018}} Burmese Amber, Myanmar |
** †''[[Chilamnestocoris]]'' {{small|Lis ''et al.'', 2018}} (Cenomanian, Burmese Amber, Myanmar) |
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** †''[[Cilicydnus]]'' {{small|Yao ''et al.'', 2007}} [[Yixian Formation]], China |
** †''[[Cilicydnus]]'' {{small|Yao ''et al.'', 2007}} ([[Aptian]], [[Yixian Formation]], China) |
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** ''[[Lattinestus]]'' {{small|Eger, 2008}} |
** ''[[Lattinestus]]'' {{small|Eger, 2008}} |
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** †''[[Latiscutella]]'' {{small|Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974}} [[Crato Formation]] |
** †''[[Latiscutella]]'' {{small|Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974}} (Aptian, [[Crato Formation|Crato]] & [[Codó Formation]]s, Brazil) |
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** †''[[Orienicydnus]]'' {{small|Yao ''et al.'', 2007}} Yixian Formation, China |
** †''[[Orienicydnus]]'' {{small|Yao ''et al.'', 2007}} (Aptian, Yixian Formation, China) |
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** †''[[Pricecoris]]'' {{small|Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974}} Codo Formation, Brazil |
** †''[[Pricecoris]]'' {{small|Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974}} (Aptian, Codo Formation, Brazil) |
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** †''[[Punctacorona]]'' {{small|Wang ''et al.'', 2019}} Burmese Amber, Myanmar |
** †''[[Punctacorona]]'' {{small|Wang ''et al.'', 2019}} (Cenomanian, Burmese Amber, Myanmar) |
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* Cephalocteninae {{small|Mulsant & Rey, 1866}} |
* Cephalocteninae {{small|Mulsant & Rey, 1866}} |
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** Cephaloctenini {{small|Mulsant & Rey, 1866}} |
** Cephaloctenini {{small|Mulsant & Rey, 1866}} |
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*** ''[[Stibaropus]]'' {{small|Dallas, 1851}} |
*** ''[[Stibaropus]]'' {{small|Dallas, 1851}} |
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* †[[Clavicorinae]] {{small|Popov, 1986}} |
* †[[Clavicorinae]] {{small|Popov, 1986}} |
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** †''[[Clavicoris]]'' {{small|Popov, 1986}} [[Gurvan-Eren Formation]], Mongolia |
** †''[[Clavicoris]]'' {{small|Popov, 1986}} (Aptian, [[Gurvan-Eren Formation]], Mongolia}} |
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** †''[[Cretacoris]]'' {{small|Popov, 1986}} |
** †''[[Cretacoris]]'' {{small|Popov, 1986}} (Aptian, Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia & [[Hauterivian]] [[Daya Formation]], Russia) |
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* [[Cydninae]] {{small|Billberg, 1820}} |
* [[Cydninae]] {{small|Billberg, 1820}} |
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* [[Garsauriinae]] {{small|Froeschner, 1960}} |
* [[Garsauriinae]] {{small|Froeschner, 1960}} |
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** ''[[Garsauriella]]'' {{small|Linnavuori, 1993}} |
** ''[[Garsauriella]]'' {{small|Linnavuori, 1993}} |
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* [[Sehirinae]] {{small|Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843}} |
* [[Sehirinae]] {{small|Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843}} |
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** †''[[Eocenocydnus]]'' {{small|Popov, 2019}} [[Bembridge Marls]], United Kingdom |
** †''[[Eocenocydnus]]'' {{small|Popov, 2019}} ([[Priabonian]], [[Bembridge Marls]], United Kingdom) |
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In some older classifications, Cydnidae ''sensu lato'' includes the subfamily Thyreocorinae (now a separate family, [[Thyreocoridae]]), which are known commonly as "negro bugs" or "ebony bugs", and/or the families [[Thaumastellidae]] and [[Parastrachiidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dolling, W. R.|year=1981|title=A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae)|journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.1981.tb00016.x |s2cid=84097067}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Yao, Yunzhi |author2=Ren, Dong |author3=Rider, David A. |author4=Cai, Wanzhi |year=2012|title=Phylogeny of the Infraorder Pentatomomorpha Based on Fossil and Extant Morphology, with Description of a New Fossil Family from China|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e37289|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037289 |pmid=22655038 |pmc=3360028|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
In some older classifications, Cydnidae ''sensu lato'' includes the subfamily Thyreocorinae (now a separate family, [[Thyreocoridae]]), which are known commonly as "negro bugs" or "ebony bugs", and/or the families [[Thaumastellidae]] and [[Parastrachiidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dolling, W. R.|year=1981|title=A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae)|journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=61–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.1981.tb00016.x |s2cid=84097067}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Yao, Yunzhi |author2=Ren, Dong |author3=Rider, David A. |author4=Cai, Wanzhi |year=2012|title=Phylogeny of the Infraorder Pentatomomorpha Based on Fossil and Extant Morphology, with Description of a New Fossil Family from China|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e37289|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0037289 |pmid=22655038 |pmc=3360028|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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