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In [[astronomy]], '''dark matter''' is a hypothetical form of [[matter]] that appears not to interact with [[light]] or the [[electromagnetic field]]. Dark matter is implied by [[gravity|gravitational]] effects which cannot be explained by [[general relativity]] unless more matter is present than can be seen. Such effects occur in the context of [[Galaxy formation and evolution|formation and evolution of galaxies]],<ref name="Siegfried">{{Cite news |last=Siegfried |first=T. |date=5 July 1999 |title=Hidden space dimensions may permit parallel universes, explain cosmic mysteries |url=http://www.physics.ucdavis.edu/~kaloper/siegfr.txt |work=The Dallas Morning News}}</ref> [[gravitational lensing]],<ref name="Trimble 1987">{{cite journal |last=Trimble |first=V. |date=1987 |title=Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe |journal=[[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=25 |pages=425–472 |bibcode=1987ARA&A..25..425T |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233 |s2cid=123199266 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt2hz008rs/qt2hz008rs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718231719/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt2hz008rs/qt2hz008rs.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[observable universe]]'s current structure, mass position in [[galactic collision]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/02/a-history-of-dark-matter |title=A history of dark matter |year=2017}}</ref> the motion of galaxies within [[galaxy cluster]]s, and [[cosmic microwave background]] anisotropies. |
In [[astronomy]], '''dark matter''' is a hypothetical form of [[matter]] that appears not to interact with [[light]] or the [[electromagnetic field]]. Dark matter is implied by [[gravity|gravitational]] effects which cannot be explained by [[general relativity]] unless more matter is present than can be seen. Such effects occur in the context of [[Galaxy formation and evolution|formation and evolution of galaxies]],<ref name="Siegfried">{{Cite news |last=Siegfried |first=T. |date=5 July 1999 |title=Hidden space dimensions may permit parallel universes, explain cosmic mysteries |url=http://www.physics.ucdavis.edu/~kaloper/siegfr.txt |work=The Dallas Morning News}}</ref> [[gravitational lensing]],<ref name="Trimble 1987">{{cite journal |last=Trimble |first=V. |date=1987 |title=Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe |journal=[[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=25 |pages=425–472 |bibcode=1987ARA&A..25..425T |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233 |s2cid=123199266 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt2hz008rs/qt2hz008rs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718231719/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt2hz008rs/qt2hz008rs.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[observable universe]]'s current structure, mass position in [[galactic collision]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/02/a-history-of-dark-matter |title=A history of dark matter |year=2017}}</ref> the motion of galaxies within [[galaxy cluster]]s, and [[cosmic microwave background]] anisotropies. |
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In the standard [[lambda-CDM model]] of cosmology, the [[mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] content of the universe is 5% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter, and 68.2% a form of energy known as [[dark energy]].<ref name="NASA Planck Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/planck/news/planck20130321.html |title=Planck Mission Brings Universe into Sharp Focus |website=NASA Mission Pages |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=1 May 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112001039/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/planck/news/planck20130321.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NASA Science Dark Matter">{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ |title=Dark Energy, Dark Matter |website=NASA Science: Astrophysics |date=5 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="planck_overview">{{cite journal |first1=P. A. R. |last1=Ade |first2=N. |last2=Aghanim |author2-link=Nabila Aghanim|first3=C. |last3=Armitage-Caplan |collaboration=Planck Collaboration |title=Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results – Table 9 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=1303 |page=5062 |url=http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/publications |date=22 March 2013 |arxiv=1303.5062 |bibcode=2014A&A...571A...1P |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321529 |s2cid=218716838 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="wmap7parameters(a)">{{cite web |title=First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/ |author=Francis, Matthew |date=22 March 2013 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> Thus, dark matter constitutes 85%<ref group="lower-alpha">Since dark energy does not count as matter, this is {{nowrap|{{sfrac|26.8|4.9 + 26.8}} {{=}} 0.845}}.</ref> of the total mass, while dark energy and dark matter constitute |
In the standard [[lambda-CDM model]] of cosmology, the [[mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] content of the universe is 5% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter, and 68.2% a form of energy known as [[dark energy]].<ref name="NASA Planck Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/planck/news/planck20130321.html |title=Planck Mission Brings Universe into Sharp Focus |website=NASA Mission Pages |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=1 May 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112001039/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/planck/news/planck20130321.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NASA Science Dark Matter">{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ |title=Dark Energy, Dark Matter |website=NASA Science: Astrophysics |date=5 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="planck_overview">{{cite journal |first1=P. A. R. |last1=Ade |first2=N. |last2=Aghanim |author2-link=Nabila Aghanim|first3=C. |last3=Armitage-Caplan |collaboration=Planck Collaboration |title=Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results – Table 9 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=1303 |page=5062 |url=http://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/planck/publications |date=22 March 2013 |arxiv=1303.5062 |bibcode=2014A&A...571A...1P |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321529 |s2cid=218716838 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="wmap7parameters(a)">{{cite web |title=First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/ |author=Francis, Matthew |date=22 March 2013 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> Thus, dark matter constitutes 85%<ref group="lower-alpha">Since dark energy does not count as matter, this is {{nowrap|{{sfrac|26.8|4.9 + 26.8}} {{=}} 0.845}}.</ref> of the total mass, while dark energy and dark matter constitute 85% of the total mass–energy content.<ref name="planckcam">{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/planck-captures-portrait-of-the-young-universe-revealing-earliest-light |title=Planck captures portrait of the young Universe, revealing earliest light |date=21 March 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="DarkMatter">{{cite book |first=Sean |last=Carroll |year=2007 |publisher=The Teaching Company |title=Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The dark side of the universe |at=Guidebook Part 2 p. 46 <!-- access-date=7 October 2013 --> |quote=... dark matter: An invisible, essentially collisionless component of matter that makes up about 25 percent of the energy density of the universe ... it's a different kind of particle... something not yet observed in the laboratory ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Dark matter |magazine=National Geographic Magazine |department=Hidden cosmos |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/hidden-cosmos/ferris-text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225013843/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/hidden-cosmos/ferris-text |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=10 June 2015 |first=Timothy |last=Ferris |date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="wmap7parameters">{{cite journal |last1=Jarosik |first1=N. |display-authors=etal |date=2011 |title=Seven-year Wilson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) observations: Sky maps, systematic errors, and basic results |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement]] |volume=192 |issue=2 |page=14 |arxiv=1001.4744 |bibcode=2011ApJS..192...14J |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/14|s2cid=46171526 }}</ref> |
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Dark matter is not known to interact with ordinary [[Baryonic matter#Baryonic matter|baryonic matter]] and radiation except through gravity,{{efn|Some dark matter candidates interact with ordinary matter via the [[weak interaction]], but the weak interaction is weak, making any direct detection very difficult.}} making it difficult to detect in the laboratory. The most prevalent explanation is that dark matter is some as-yet-undiscovered [[subatomic particle]],<ref group="lower-alpha">A small portion of dark matter could be baryonic and/or [[neutrino]]s. See [[Baryonic dark matter]].</ref> such as [[weakly interacting massive particle]]s (WIMPs) or [[axion]]s.<ref name="ars lensing">{{cite news |last1=Timmer |first1=John |date=21 April 2023 |title=No WIMPS! Heavy particles don't explain gravitational lensing oddities |language=en-us |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/04/gravitational-lensing-may-point-to-lighter-dark-matter-candidate/ |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The other main possibility is that dark matter is composed of [[primordial black hole]]s.<ref name="Carr24">{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=B. J. |last2=Clesse |first2=S. |last3=García-Bellido |first3=J. |last4=Hawkins |first4=M. R. S. |last5=Kühnel |first5=F. |title=Observational evidence for primordial black holes: A positivist perspective |journal=Physics Reports |date=26 February 2024 |volume=1054 |pages=1–68 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003976 |issn=0370-1573|arxiv=2306.03903 |bibcode=2024PhR..1054....1C }} See Figure 39.</ref><ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Simeon |last2=Albert |first2=Andrea |last3=Dawson |first3=Will |last4=Ali-Haïmoud |first4=Yacine |last5=Coogan |first5=Adam |last6=Drlica-Wagner |first6=Alex |last7=Feng |first7=Qi |last8=Inman |first8=Derek |last9=Inomata |first9=Keisuke |last10=Kovetz |first10=Ely |last11=Kusenko |first11=Alexander |last12=Lehmann |first12=Benjamin V. |last13=Muñoz |first13=Julian B. |last14=Singh |first14=Rajeev |last15=Takhistov |first15=Volodymyr |last16=Tsai |first16=Yu-Dai |title=Primordial black hole dark matter |journal=Physics of the Dark Universe |date=1 August 2023 |volume=41 |page=101231 |doi=10.1016/j.dark.2023.101231 |arxiv=2203.08967 |s2cid=247518939 |issn=2212-6864}}</ref><ref name="Carr" /> |
Dark matter is not known to interact with ordinary [[Baryonic matter#Baryonic matter|baryonic matter]] and radiation except through gravity,{{efn|Some dark matter candidates interact with ordinary matter via the [[weak interaction]], but the weak interaction is weak, making any direct detection very difficult.}} making it difficult to detect in the laboratory. The most prevalent explanation is that dark matter is some as-yet-undiscovered [[subatomic particle]],<ref group="lower-alpha">A small portion of dark matter could be baryonic and/or [[neutrino]]s. See [[Baryonic dark matter]].</ref> such as [[weakly interacting massive particle]]s (WIMPs) or [[axion]]s.<ref name="ars lensing">{{cite news |last1=Timmer |first1=John |date=21 April 2023 |title=No WIMPS! Heavy particles don't explain gravitational lensing oddities |language=en-us |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/04/gravitational-lensing-may-point-to-lighter-dark-matter-candidate/ |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> The other main possibility is that dark matter is composed of [[primordial black hole]]s.<ref name="Carr24">{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=B. J. |last2=Clesse |first2=S. |last3=García-Bellido |first3=J. |last4=Hawkins |first4=M. R. S. |last5=Kühnel |first5=F. |title=Observational evidence for primordial black holes: A positivist perspective |journal=Physics Reports |date=26 February 2024 |volume=1054 |pages=1–68 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2023.11.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370157323003976 |issn=0370-1573|arxiv=2306.03903 |bibcode=2024PhR..1054....1C }} See Figure 39.</ref><ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=Simeon |last2=Albert |first2=Andrea |last3=Dawson |first3=Will |last4=Ali-Haïmoud |first4=Yacine |last5=Coogan |first5=Adam |last6=Drlica-Wagner |first6=Alex |last7=Feng |first7=Qi |last8=Inman |first8=Derek |last9=Inomata |first9=Keisuke |last10=Kovetz |first10=Ely |last11=Kusenko |first11=Alexander |last12=Lehmann |first12=Benjamin V. |last13=Muñoz |first13=Julian B. |last14=Singh |first14=Rajeev |last15=Takhistov |first15=Volodymyr |last16=Tsai |first16=Yu-Dai |title=Primordial black hole dark matter |journal=Physics of the Dark Universe |date=1 August 2023 |volume=41 |page=101231 |doi=10.1016/j.dark.2023.101231 |arxiv=2203.08967 |s2cid=247518939 |issn=2212-6864}}</ref><ref name="Carr" /> |
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