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By the early 3rd century, [[Origen]] may have been using the same twenty-seven books as in the present New Testament canon, though there were still disputes over the acceptance of the [[Letter to the Hebrews]], [[Epistle of James|James]], [[II Peter]], [[II John]], [[III John]], [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] and [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]],{{Sfn | Noll | 1997 | pp = 36–37}} known as the [[Antilegomena]]. Likewise, the [[Muratorian fragment]] is evidence that perhaps as early as 200, there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to the twenty-seven book NT canon, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.{{Sfn | de Jonge | 2003 | p = 315}} Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the [[Early Church]] over the New Testament canon, the major writings are claimed to have been accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the [[Christianity in the 3rd century|3rd century]].{{Sfn | Ackroyd | Evans | 1970 | p = 308}} |
By the early 3rd century, [[Origen]] may have been using the same twenty-seven books as in the present New Testament canon, though there were still disputes over the acceptance of the [[Letter to the Hebrews]], [[Epistle of James|James]], [[II Peter]], [[II John]], [[III John]], [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] and [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]],{{Sfn | Noll | 1997 | pp = 36–37}} known as the [[Antilegomena]]. Likewise, the [[Muratorian fragment]] is evidence that perhaps as early as 200, there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to the twenty-seven book NT canon, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.{{Sfn | de Jonge | 2003 | p = 315}} Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the [[Early Church]] over the New Testament canon, the major writings are claimed to have been accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the [[Christianity in the 3rd century|3rd century]].{{Sfn | Ackroyd | Evans | 1970 | p = 308}} |
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In his [[Easter letter]] of 367, [[Athanasius]], Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of the books that |
In his [[Easter letter]] of 367, [[Athanasius]], Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of the books that would become the twenty-seven-book NT canon,{{Sfn | Lindberg | 2006 | p = 15}} and he used the word "canonized" ({{lang-grc-gre|κανονιζόμενα}} ''kanonizomena'') in regard to them.{{Sfn | Brakke | 1994}}{{Page needed |date=April 2014}} The first council that accepted the present canon of the New Testament may have been the [[Synod of Hippo|Synod of Hippo Regius]] in North Africa (393). A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the [[Councils of Carthage]] in 397 and 419.{{Sfn | McDonald | Sanders | 2002 | loc = Appendix D-2, note 19 | ps =: '[[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage.'}} These councils were under the authority of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], who regarded the canon as already closed.{{Sfn | Ferguson | 2002 | p = 320}}{{Sfn | Bruce | 1988 | p = 230}}{{Sfn | Augustine | loc = 22.8}} [[Pope Damasus I]]'s [[Council of Rome]] in 382, if the ''[[Decretum Gelasianum]]'' is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above,{{Sfn | Lindberg | 2006 | p = 15}} or, if not, the list is at least a 6th-century compilation.<ref name="Bruce 1988 234">{{Harvnb | Bruce | 1988 | p = 234}}.</ref> Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin [[Vulgate]] edition of the Bible, {{circa|383}}, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.{{Sfn | Bruce | 1988 | p = 225}} In {{circa|405}}, [[Pope Innocent I]] sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, [[Exuperius|Exsuperius of Toulouse]]. Christian scholars assert that, when these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church."{{Sfn | Ferguson | 2002 | p = 320}}{{Sfn | Metzger | 1987 | pp = 237–238}}{{Sfn | Bruce | 1988 | p = 97}} |
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Thus, some claim that, from the [[Christianity in the 4th century#Defining scripture|4th century]], there existed unanimity in the [[Western Church|West]] concerning the New Testament canon,{{Sfn | Bruce | 1988 | p = 215}} and that, by the [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th century]], the [[Eastern Church]], with a few exceptions, had come to accept the [[Book of Revelation]] and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon.<ref name="CathEncyc-NTCanon"/><ref name="P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans, eds. 1970 305">{{Harvnb | Ackroyd | Evans | 1970 | p = 305}}.</ref> |
Thus, some claim that, from the [[Christianity in the 4th century#Defining scripture|4th century]], there existed unanimity in the [[Western Church|West]] concerning the New Testament canon,{{Sfn | Bruce | 1988 | p = 215}} and that, by the [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th century]], the [[Eastern Church]], with a few exceptions, had come to accept the [[Book of Revelation]] and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon.<ref name="CathEncyc-NTCanon"/><ref name="P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans, eds. 1970 305">{{Harvnb | Ackroyd | Evans | 1970 | p = 305}}.</ref> |
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Full dogmatic articulations of the canon were not made until the [[Canon of Trent]] of 1546 for [[Roman Catholicism]],<ref name="CathEncyc-NTCanon" /> the [[Gallic Confession of Faith]] of 1559 for [[Calvinism]], the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of 1563 for the [[Church of England]], and the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Synod of Jerusalem]] of 1672 for the [[Greek Orthodox]]. |
Full dogmatic articulations of the canon were not made until the [[Canon of Trent]] of 1546 for [[Roman Catholicism]],<ref name="CathEncyc-NTCanon" /> the [[Gallic Confession of Faith]] of 1559 for [[Calvinism]], the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of 1563 for the [[Church of England]], and the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Synod of Jerusalem]] of 1672 for the [[Greek Orthodox]]. |
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Martin Luther made his own [[Luther's_canon|canon]], relegating without numbers various "disputed" New Testament books that did not meet his criteria to a section sometimes marked "Apocrypha" at the end of the Bible ({{lang-de|die Apokryphen}}) after the "true and certain chief books": these were Hebrews, James, Jude and Revelation. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Luther |first1=Martin |title=Septemberbibel: Das Newe Testament Deutzsch |date=1522 |url=https://archive.org/details/DasNeweTestamentDeutzsch1522/page/n19/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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=== Comparison between earliest biblical lists=== |
=== Comparison between earliest biblical lists=== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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