You are about to undo an edit. Please check the comparison below to verify that this is what you want to do, then publish the changes below to finish undoing the edit. If you are undoing an edit that is not vandalism, explain the reason in the edit summary. Do not use the default message only. |
Latest revision | Your text | ||
Line 517: | Line 517: | ||
==== Ununennium (E119) <span class="anchor" id="Ununennium"></span> ==== |
==== Ununennium (E119) <span class="anchor" id="Ununennium"></span> ==== |
||
{{Main|Ununennium#Synthesis attempts}} |
{{Main|Ununennium#Synthesis attempts}} |
||
The synthesis of element 119 ( |
The synthesis of [[ununennium|element 119]] (ununennium) was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium-254 with [[calcium-48]] ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California: |
||
:{{nuclide|einsteinium|254}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → |
:{{nuclide|einsteinium|254}} + {{nuclide|calcium|48}} → <sup>302</sup>119* → no atoms |
||
No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] of 300 [[barn (unit)|nb]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Search for superheavy elements using <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>254</sup>Es<sup>g</sup> reaction|journal=Physical Review C|date=1985|pages=1760–1763|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760|pmid=9953034|volume=32|issue=5|bibcode = 1985PhRvC..32.1760L|last1=Lougheed|first1=R.|last2=Landrum|first2=J.|last3=Hulet|first3=E.|last4=Wild|first4=J.|last5=Dougan|first5=R.|last6=Dougan|first6=A.|last7=Gäggeler|first7=H.|last8=Schädel|first8=M.|last9=Moody|first9=K.|display-authors=1}}</ref> Later calculations suggest that the cross section of the 3n reaction (which would result in |
No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] of 300 [[barn (unit)|nb]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Search for superheavy elements using <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>254</sup>Es<sup>g</sup> reaction|journal=Physical Review C|date=1985|pages=1760–1763|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760|pmid=9953034|volume=32|issue=5|bibcode = 1985PhRvC..32.1760L|last1=Lougheed|first1=R.|last2=Landrum|first2=J.|last3=Hulet|first3=E.|last4=Wild|first4=J.|last5=Dougan|first5=R.|last6=Dougan|first6=A.|last7=Gäggeler|first7=H.|last8=Schädel|first8=M.|last9=Moody|first9=K.|display-authors=1}}</ref> Later calculations suggest that the cross section of the 3n reaction (which would result in <sup>299</sup>119 and three neutrons as products) would actually be six hundred thousand times lower than this upper bound, at 0.5 pb.<ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=0803.1117|doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003|title=Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions|date=2009|author=Feng, Z|journal=Nuclear Physics A|volume=816|issue=1|page=33|last2=Jin|first2=G.|last3=Li|first3=J.|last4=Scheid|first4=W.|bibcode=2009NuPhA.816...33F|s2cid=18647291}}</ref> |
||
From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize the isotopes |
From April to September 2012, an attempt to synthesize the isotopes <sup>295</sup>119 and <sup>296</sup>119 was made by bombarding a target of [[berkelium]]-249 with [[titanium]]-50 at the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in [[Darmstadt]], Germany.<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line], [[The Economist]], May 12, 2012.</ref><ref name=Khuyagbaatar>[http://asrc.jaea.go.jp/soshiki/gr/chiba_gr/workshop2/&Khuyagbaatar.pdf Superheavy Element Search Campaign at TASCA]. J. Khuyagbaatar</ref> Based on the theoretically predicted cross section, it was expected that an ununennium atom would be synthesized within five months of the beginning of the experiment.<ref name=Zagrebaev>{{cite journal|title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?|url=http://nrv.jinr.ru/pdf_file/J_phys_2013.pdf|first1=Valeriy|last1=Zagrebaev|first2=Alexander|last2=Karpov|first3=Walter|last3=Greiner|date=2013|journal=Journal of Physics|volume=420|issue=1|pages=012001|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001|arxiv=1207.5700|bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2001Z|s2cid=55434734}}</ref> Moreover, as berkelium-249 decays to [[californium]]-249 (the next element) with a short half-life of 327 days, this allowed elements 119 and 120 to be searched for simultaneously.<ref name="search">{{cite journal |last1=Khuyagbaatar |first1=J. |last2=Yakushev |first2=A. |last3=Düllmann |first3=Ch. E. |display-authors=etal |date=2020 |title=Search for elements 119 and 120 |url=https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/73027/2/khuyagbaatarym0812.pdf |journal=Physical Review C |volume=102 |issue=6 |at=064602 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.102.064602 |bibcode=2020PhRvC.102f4602K |hdl=1885/289860 |s2cid=229401931 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> |
||
:{{nuclide|berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|titanium|50}} → |
:{{nuclide|berkelium|249}} + {{nuclide|titanium|50}} → <sup>299</sup>119* → no atoms |
||
The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf |title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration |access-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but was stopped early to make use of the |
The experiment was originally planned to continue to November 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf |title=Search for element 119: Christoph E. Düllmann for the ''TASCA E119'' collaboration |access-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094201/https://www-win.gsi.de/tasca12/program/contributions/TASCA12_Duellmann.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but was stopped early to make use of the <sup>249</sup>Bk target to confirm the synthesis of [[tennessine]] (thus changing the projectiles to <sup>48</sup>Ca).<ref name=Yakushev/> This reaction between <sup>249</sup>Bk and <sup>50</sup>Ti was predicted to be the most favorable practical reaction for formation of element 119,<ref name=Khuyagbaatar/> as it is rather asymmetrical,<ref name=Zagrebaev/> though also somewhat cold.<ref name=Yakushev/> (The reaction between <sup>254</sup>Es and <sup>48</sup>Ca would be superior, but preparing milligram quantities of <sup>254</sup>Es for a target is difficult.)<ref name=Zagrebaev/> Nevertheless, the necessary change from the "silver bullet" <sup>48</sup>Ca to <sup>50</sup>Ti divides the expected yield of element 119 by about twenty, as the yield is strongly dependent on the asymmetry of the fusion reaction.<ref name=Zagrebaev/> |
||
Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.<ref name=Khuyagbaatar/> No atoms of element 119 were identified, implying a limiting cross section of 70 fb.<ref name=Yakushev/> The predicted actual cross section is around 40 fb, which is at the limits of current technology.<ref name=Zagrebaev/> |
Due to the predicted short half-lives, the GSI team used new "fast" electronics capable of registering decay events within microseconds.<ref name=Khuyagbaatar/> No atoms of element 119 were identified, implying a limiting cross section of 70 fb.<ref name=Yakushev/> The predicted actual cross section is around 40 fb, which is at the limits of current technology.<ref name=Zagrebaev/> |
||
The team at RIKEN in [[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]], Japan began bombarding [[curium]]-248 targets with a [[vanadium]]-51 beam in January 2018<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=9 December 2022 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S }}</ref> to search for element 119. Curium was chosen as a target, rather than heavier berkelium or californium, as these heavier targets are difficult to prepare.<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=27 February 2019 |website=infn.it |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The <sup>248</sup>Cm targets were provided by [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]. RIKEN developed a high-intensity vanadium beam.<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=25 October 2022 |website=osti.gov |publisher= |access-date=13 November 2022 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 |quote=}}</ref> The experiment began at a cyclotron while RIKEN upgraded its linear accelerators; the upgrade was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title = Greeting | RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=1 April 2020|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai}}</ref> Bombardment may be continued with both machines until the first event is observed; the experiment is currently running intermittently for at least 100 days per year.<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |date=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9|pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it."}}</ref><ref name="sakai" /> The RIKEN team's efforts are being financed by the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=13 February 2018 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=28 June 2019 |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan’s emperor is bankrolling Riken’s efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row.}}</ref> The team at the JINR plans to attempt synthesis of element 119 in the future, probably using the |
The team at RIKEN in [[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]], Japan began bombarding [[curium]]-248 targets with a [[vanadium]]-51 beam in January 2018<ref name=sakai22>{{cite journal |last1=Sakai |first1=Hideyuki |last2=Haba |first2=Hiromitsu |first3=Kouji |last3=Morimoto |first4=Naruhiko |last4=Sakamoto |date=9 December 2022 |title=Facility upgrade for superheavy-element research at RIKEN |journal=The European Physical Journal A |volume=58 |issue=238 |page=238 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00888-3 |pmid=36533209 |pmc=9734366 |bibcode=2022EPJA...58..238S }}</ref> to search for element 119. Curium was chosen as a target, rather than heavier berkelium or californium, as these heavier targets are difficult to prepare.<ref name="sakai">{{cite web |url=http://www0.mi.infn.it/~colo/slides_27_2_19/2019-2_Milano-WS_sakai.pdf |title=Search for a New Element at RIKEN Nishina Center |last=Sakai |first=Hideyuki |date=27 February 2019 |website=infn.it |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> The <sup>248</sup>Cm targets were provided by [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]. RIKEN developed a high-intensity vanadium beam.<ref name=usprogram>{{cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1896856 |title=The Status and Ambitions of the US Heavy Element Program |first1=J. |last1=Gates |first2=J. |last2=Pore |first3=H. |last3=Crawford |first4=D. |last4=Shaughnessy |first5=M. A. |last5=Stoyer |date=25 October 2022 |website=osti.gov |publisher= |access-date=13 November 2022 |doi=10.2172/1896856 |osti=1896856 |s2cid=253391052 |quote=}}</ref> The experiment began at a cyclotron while RIKEN upgraded its linear accelerators; the upgrade was completed in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nishina.riken.jp/about/greeting_e.html|title = Greeting | RIKEN Nishina Center|quote=With the completion of the upgrade of the linear accelerator and BigRIPS at the beginning of 2020, the RNC aims to synthesize new elements from element 119 and beyond.|date=1 April 2020|first=Hiroyoshi|last=Sakurai}}</ref> Bombardment may be continued with both machines until the first event is observed; the experiment is currently running intermittently for at least 100 days per year.<ref name="ball19">{{cite journal |last=Ball |first=P. |title=Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table |date=2019 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7741 |pages=552–555 |issn=1476-4687 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9|pmid=30700884 |bibcode=2019Natur.565..552B |s2cid=59524524 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-019-00285-9/d41586-019-00285-9.pdf |quote="We started the search for element 119 last June," says RIKEN researcher Hideto En'yo. "It will certainly take a long time — years and years — so we will continue the same experiment intermittently for 100 or more days per year, until we or somebody else discovers it."}}</ref><ref name="sakai" /> The RIKEN team's efforts are being financed by the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eic.rsc.org/feature/the-hunt-is-on/3008580.article |title=The hunt is on |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |last2=Turner |first2=Kristy |date=13 February 2018 |website=Education in Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=28 June 2019 |quote=The hunt for element 113 was almost abandoned because of lack of resources, but this time Japan’s emperor is bankrolling Riken’s efforts to extend the periodic table to its eighth row.}}</ref> The team at the JINR plans to attempt synthesis of element 119 in the future, probably using the <sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>54</sup>Cr reaction, but a precise timeframe has not been publicly released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/jinr-presented-largest-periodic-table-to-dubna/ |title=JINR presented largest Periodic Table to Dubna |author=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=24 July 2021 |website=jinr.ru |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/superheavy-element-factory-overview-of-obtained-results/ |title=Superheavy Element Factory: overview of obtained results |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=24 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |access-date=7 December 2023 |quote=}}</ref> |
||
==== Unbinilium (E120) <span class="anchor" id="Unbinilium"></span> ==== |
==== Unbinilium (E120) <span class="anchor" id="Unbinilium"></span> ==== |
Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>
{{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span>
Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
Wikidata entities used in this page
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):
This page is a member of 11 hidden categories (help):