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{{See also|Competition law|United States antitrust law|European Union competition law}} |
{{See also|Competition law|United States antitrust law|European Union competition law}} |
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Extraterritorial jurisdiction plays a significant role in regulation of transnational [[anti-competitive practices]]. In the U.S., extraterritorial impacts in this field first arose from ''[[Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States]]'',<ref>''The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, et al. v. The United States'', 221 U.S. 1; 31 S. Ct. 502; 55 L. Ed. 619; 1911 U.S. LEXIS 1725</ref> where [[Imperial Oil]] in [[Canada]] was ordered to be divested from [[Standard Oil]]. Current practice dates from ''[[United States v. Alcoa]]'',<ref>''United States v. Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa)'' 148 F.2d 416 (2d Cir. 1945)</ref> where the ''effects doctrine''<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=1099485 A. Parrish, 'The Effects Test: Extraterritoriality's Fifth Business' (2008) 61 Vand. L. Rev. 1455]</ref> was introduced, allowing for jurisdiction over foreign offenders and foreign conduct, so long as the economic effects of the anticompetitive conduct are experienced on the domestic market.<ref>JP Griffin, ''Extraterritoriality in U.S. and EU Antitrust Enforcement'' (1999) 67 Antitrust L.J. 159</ref> The effects doctrine has been gradually developed in the U.S. and then in various forms accepted in other jurisdictions, also in the developing world. |
Extraterritorial jurisdiction plays a significant role in regulation of transnational [[anti-competitive practices]]. In the U.S., extraterritorial impacts in this field first arose from ''[[Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States]]'',<ref>''The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, et al. v. The United States'', 221 U.S. 1; 31 S. Ct. 502; 55 L. Ed. 619; 1911 U.S. LEXIS 1725</ref> where [[Imperial Oil]] in [[Canada]] was ordered to be divested from [[Standard Oil]]. Current practice dates from ''[[United States v. Alcoa]]'',<ref>''United States v. Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa)'' 148 F.2d 416 (2d Cir. 1945)</ref> where the ''effects doctrine''<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=1099485 A. Parrish, 'The Effects Test: Extraterritoriality's Fifth Business' (2008) 61 Vand. L. Rev. 1455]</ref> was introduced, allowing for jurisdiction over foreign offenders and foreign conduct, so long as the economic effects of the anticompetitive conduct are experienced on the domestic market.<ref>JP Griffin, ''Extraterritoriality in U.S. and EU Antitrust Enforcement'' (1999) 67 Antitrust L.J. 159</ref> The effects doctrine has been gradually developed in the U.S. and then in various forms accepted in other jurisdictions, also in the developing world. In the [[European Union|EU]] it is recognised based on the ''qualified effects'' or ''implementation test''.<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3977153 M Martyniszyn, Extraterritoriality in EU Competition Law (in) Nuno Cunha Rodrigues (ed), Extraterritoriality of EU Economic Law (Springer 2021).]</ref> |
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Extraterritorial jurisdiction in the area of [[antitrust]] faces various limitations, such as the problem of accessing foreign-based evidence,<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1365712714561190 M Martyniszyn, Inter-Agency Evidence Sharing in Competition Law Enforcement, 19(1) International Journal of Evidence and Proof 11-28 (2015)]</ref> as well as the difficulties of challenged anticompetitive conduct arising from foreign state involvement.<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=1782888 M Martyniszyn, Avoidance Techniques: State Related Defences in International Antitrust Cases (2011)]</ref> |
Extraterritorial jurisdiction in the area of [[antitrust]] faces various limitations, such as the problem of accessing foreign-based evidence,<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1365712714561190 M Martyniszyn, Inter-Agency Evidence Sharing in Competition Law Enforcement, 19(1) International Journal of Evidence and Proof 11-28 (2015)]</ref> as well as the difficulties of challenged anticompetitive conduct arising from foreign state involvement.<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=1782888 M Martyniszyn, Avoidance Techniques: State Related Defences in International Antitrust Cases (2011)]</ref> |
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