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''Karat'' is a variant of ''carat''. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word ''carat'' came from [[Middle French]] {{lang|frm|carat}}, in turn derived either from Italian {{lang|it|carato}} or Medieval Latin {{lang|la|carratus}}. These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar-Latn|qīrāṭ}} meaning "fruit of the carob tree", also "weight of 5 grains", ({{lang|ar|قيراط|rtl=yes}}) and was a unit of mass<ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990#m_en_gb0122990 carat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024043951/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990 |date=2010-10-24 }}, Oxford Dictionaries</ref> though it was probably not used to measure gold in classical times.<ref name=harper/> The Arabic term ultimately originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el-Latn|kerátion}} ({{lang|el|κεράτιον}}) meaning [[carob]] seed (literally "small horn")<ref name=harper>{{OEtymD|carat|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkera%2Ftion κεράτιον] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008220045/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=kera%2Ftion |date=2012-10-08 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>Walter W. Skeat (1888), ''[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language]''</ref> (diminutive of {{lang|el|κέρας}} – {{lang|el-Latn|kéras}}, "horn"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dke%2Fras κέρας] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008220111/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ke%2Fras |date=2012-10-08 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>). |
''Karat'' is a variant of ''carat''. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word ''carat'' came from [[Middle French]] {{lang|frm|carat}}, in turn derived either from Italian {{lang|it|carato}} or Medieval Latin {{lang|la|carratus}}. These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar-Latn|qīrāṭ}} meaning "fruit of the carob tree", also "weight of 5 grains", ({{lang|ar|قيراط|rtl=yes}}) and was a unit of mass<ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990#m_en_gb0122990 carat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024043951/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990 |date=2010-10-24 }}, Oxford Dictionaries</ref> though it was probably not used to measure gold in classical times.<ref name=harper/> The Arabic term ultimately originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el-Latn|kerátion}} ({{lang|el|κεράτιον}}) meaning [[carob]] seed (literally "small horn")<ref name=harper>{{OEtymD|carat|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkera%2Ftion κεράτιον] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008220045/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=kera%2Ftion |date=2012-10-08 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>Walter W. Skeat (1888), ''[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language]''</ref> (diminutive of {{lang|el|κέρας}} – {{lang|el-Latn|kéras}}, "horn"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dke%2Fras κέρας] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008220111/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ke%2Fras |date=2012-10-08 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>). |
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In 309 |
In 309 CE, [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I]] began to [[mint (coin)|mint]] a new gold coin ''[[solidus (coin)|solidus]]'' that was {{frac|72}} of a ''[[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Mass|libra]]'' (Roman pound) of gold<ref>{{cite book|last=Vagi|first=David L.|title=Coinage and History of the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pH9Ok9czKsMC&pg=PA100|access-date=18 November 2011|volume=II: Coinage|year=1999|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1-57958-316-3|page=100|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607010928/http://books.google.com/books?id=pH9Ok9czKsMC&pg=PA100|archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref> equal to a mass of 24 ''[[siliqua]]e'', where each siliqua (or [[carat (mass)|carat]]) was {{frac|1728}} of a libra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grierson|first=Philip|title=Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l97WJwbuAWsC&pg=PA8|access-date=18 November 2011|volume=2: pt. 1|year=1968|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-88402-024-0|page=8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606220053/http://books.google.com/books?id=l97WJwbuAWsC&pg=PA8|archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> This is believed to be the origin of the value of the karat.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Turnbull | first1 = L. A. | last2 = Santamaria | first2 = L. | last3 = Martorell | first3 = T. | last4 = Rallo | first4 = J. | last5 = Hector | first5 = A. | title = Seed size variability: From carob to carats | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 397–400 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17148413 | pmc = 1686184 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476}}</ref> |
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==Verifying fineness== |
==Verifying fineness== |
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