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The '''first plague pandemic''' was the first historically recorded [[Old World]] [[pandemic]] of [[Plague (disease)|plague]], the [[contagious disease]] caused by the [[Bacteria|bacterium]] ''[[Yersinia pestis]]''. Also called the '''early medieval pandemic''', it began with the [[Plague of Justinian]] in 541 and continued until 750 or 767; at least fifteen or eighteen major waves of plague following the Justinianic plague have been identified from historical records.<ref name="GlatterFinkelman2021">{{cite journal |last1=Glatter |first1=Kathryn A. |last2=Finkelman |first2=Paul |date=February 2021 |title=History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19 |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=176–181 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019 |pmid=32979306 |pmc=7513766 |s2cid=221882331 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Arrizabalaga|first=Jon|title=plague and epidemics|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-4645|work=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|year=2010|editor-last=Bjork|editor-first=Robert E.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866262-4|quote=The first - called the Plague of Justinian and described by Procopius - spread through Europe and Asia Minor from Egypt in 541 and included fifteen epidemics until 767|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Stathakopoulos|first=Dionysios|title=Plague, Justinianic (Early Medieval Pandemic)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3757|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8|quote=bubonic plague that began in 541 and returned in some eighteen waves (approximately one every twelve years) until 750|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> The pandemic affected the [[Mediterranean Basin]] most severely and most frequently, but also infected the [[Near East]] and [[Northern Europe]],<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Stathakopoulos|first=Dionysios|title=Plague, Justinianic (Early Medieval Pandemic)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3757|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> and potentially East Asia as well.<ref name="CompleteHistoryoftheBlackDeath" /> The Roman emperor [[Justinian I]]'s name is sometimes applied to the whole series of plague epidemics in [[late antiquity]]. |
The '''first plague pandemic''' was the first historically recorded [[Old World]] [[pandemic]] of [[Plague (disease)|plague]], the [[contagious disease]] caused by the [[Bacteria|bacterium]] ''[[Yersinia pestis]]''. Also called the '''early medieval pandemic''', it began with the [[Plague of Justinian]] in 541 and continued until 750 or 767; at least fifteen or eighteen major waves of plague following the Justinianic plague have been identified from historical records.<ref name="GlatterFinkelman2021">{{cite journal |last1=Glatter |first1=Kathryn A. |last2=Finkelman |first2=Paul |date=February 2021 |title=History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19 |journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]] |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=176–181 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019 |pmid=32979306 |pmc=7513766 |s2cid=221882331 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Arrizabalaga|first=Jon|title=plague and epidemics|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001/acref-9780198662624-e-4645|work=The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|year=2010|editor-last=Bjork|editor-first=Robert E.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866262-4|quote=The first - called the Plague of Justinian and described by Procopius - spread through Europe and Asia Minor from Egypt in 541 and included fifteen epidemics until 767|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Stathakopoulos|first=Dionysios|title=Plague, Justinianic (Early Medieval Pandemic)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3757|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8|quote=bubonic plague that began in 541 and returned in some eighteen waves (approximately one every twelve years) until 750|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> The pandemic affected the [[Mediterranean Basin]] most severely and most frequently, but also infected the [[Near East]] and [[Northern Europe]],<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Stathakopoulos|first=Dionysios|title=Plague, Justinianic (Early Medieval Pandemic)|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-3757|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-866277-8|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> and potentially East Asia as well.<ref name="CompleteHistoryoftheBlackDeath" /> The Roman emperor [[Justinian I]]'s name is sometimes applied to the whole series of plague epidemics in [[late antiquity]]. |
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The pandemic is best known from its first and last outbreaks: the Justinianic Plague of 541{{Endash}}549, described by the contemporary Roman historian [[Procopius]], and the late 8th century plague of Naples described by Neapolitan historian [[John the Deacon (Neapolitan historian)|John the Deacon]] in the following century (distinct |
The pandemic is best known from its first and last outbreaks: the Justinianic Plague of 541{{Endash}}549, described by the contemporary Roman historian [[Procopius]], and the late 8th century plague of Naples described by Neapolitan historian [[John the Deacon (Neapolitan historian)|John the Deacon]] in the following century (distinct of the much later [[Naples Plague]]). Other accounts from contemporaries of the pandemic are included in the texts of [[Evagrius Scholasticus]], [[John of Ephesus]], [[Gregory of Tours]], [[Paul the Deacon]], and [[Theophanes the Confessor]]; most seem to have believed plague was a [[divine punishment]] for human misdeeds.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Terminology== |
==Terminology== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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