Flattened rice is a preparation of rice made from raw, toasted, or parboiled rice grains pounded into flat flakes.[1] It is traditional to many rice-cultivating cultures in Southeast Asia and South Asia.[2] It is also known as rice flakes,[3]beaten rice, pounded rice, pressed rice[2]orchipped rice.
It is toasted, fried, or used as ingredients or toppings for other dishes. Depending on their use, they can be crispy, crunchy, chewy, or soft in texture with a light nutty flavor. Much like oatmeal, the term "flattened rice" and its equivalents in other languages may refer to the ingredient itself or a dish based on the ingredient.
South Asia
Flattened rice is a breakfast staple in South Asia where it is known as poha (Hindi: पोहा), pauwa, avalakki (Kannada: ಅವಲಕ್ಕಿ), chivda, atukulu (Telugu: అటుకులు) or aval (Tamil: அவல்) among many other names. It is particularly popular in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Poha is made by de-husking rice grains and then parboiling or soaking them in hot water for 45 minutes. They are then dried, roasted, and then flattened with rollers. They usually come in thin, medium, and thick varieties. Thinner varieties are ideal for cooking and use in desserts, while thicker varieties are ideal for deep-frying.[2][4]Poha can be eaten as snacks such as Indori poha, or cooked into various sweet, savory, or spicy dishes.[2]
Flattened rice is called chiura (Nepali: चिउरा) or baji (Newar: बजि) in Nepal. It holds an important place in the traditional Nepali wedding ceremony. Chiura is usually included in the brideprice. After the initial wedding ceremony, the families escort the bride back to the groom’s house. During this procession, the pounded rice ceremony occurs. The bride and groom are seated next to one another, and the bride is given the chiura. The groom asks three times for the bride to give him the chiura, each time using a less respectful form of the pronoun "you". This ceremony reflects the married woman's diminished social status in traditional culture.[5][6]
Flattened rice is known in Cambodiaasambok. It is made by toasting newly-harvested rice (with husks on) on a wok, then pounding the heated rice with a large wooden mortar and pestle until flat. The husks are then removed. Ambok plays a very significant role in the Cambodian Water Festival (Bon Om Touk). They are commonly eaten mixed with bananas, palm sugar, and coconut water; or roasted together with small shrimp.[7][8]
Myanmar
Flattened rice in Myanmar is known as mont hsan (မုန့်ဆန်း). In Lower Myanmar, it is traditionally given as an offering to U Shin Gyi, a guardian nat (spirit) of waterways. Mont hsan is also consumed in the Upper Myanmar, and is used as an ingredient in Burmese sweets called mont.
Flattened rice in the Philippines is called pinipig. It is made using immature glutinous rice grains, giving it a distinctive greenish color. It is de-husked first, pounded in a mortar with a pestle, and then toasted or baked until crisp. They have a crunchy exterior with a chewy center. They are commonly eaten plain, used as toppings in desserts and drinks, or made into cakes.[9][10][11][12]
A notable variant of the pinipig from Pampanga is the duman, which differs in that it is toasted first before being pounded. It is celebrated annually in the Duman Festival of Santa Rita, Pampanga.[13]
Thailand
Flattened rice is known as khao maoinThailand. Similar to the Philippine variant, it uses immature glutinous rice grains and is also green in color. It is made by soaking de-husked rice grains in water for several hours, steaming it in a bamboo container, toasting it in a wok, and then pounding it flat in a mortar with a pestle.[14]
Flattened rice in Vietnam is known as cốm. It is also green in color. It is made by toasting immature rice grains in low heat and then pounding them flat in a mortar with a pestle. The husk is removed afterwards via winnowing. It can be eaten plain, used as an ingredient in other dishes, or made into cakes known as bánh cốm. It is commonly eaten during the Autumn season.[15]
^Alford, Jeffrey; Duguid, Naomi (2003). Seductions of rice. New York: Artisan Books. p. 30. ISBN9781579655662.
^ abcdBladholm, Linda (2016). The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. 30–31. ISBN9781250120793.
^Smit, B.A. (2011). A New Kind of Normal: Back to the Basics a Comprehensive Survival Guide for Eating Sugar -- Gluten -- Dairy and Yeast Free. Tuttle Publishing. p. 143. ISBN9781426975127.
^Sodha, Meera (2016). Made in India: 130 Simple, Fresh and Flavourful Recipes from One Indian Family. Penguin UK. ISBN9780241278833.
^Ahearn, Laura M. (2001). Invitations to Love: Literacy, Lover Letters, and Social Change in Nepal. University of Michigan Press. p. 90.
