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By 1931, mail from Australia was reaching Britain in just 16 days – less than half the time taken by sea. In that year, government tenders on both sides of the world invited applications to run new passenger and mail services between the ends of the [[British Empire]], and [[Qantas]] and IAL were successful with a joint bid. A company under combined ownership was then formed, Qantas Empire Airways. The new ten-day service between [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]] (near [[Sydney]]), and [[Southampton]] was such a success with letter-writers that before long the volume of mail was exceeding aircraft storage space. |
By 1931, mail from Australia was reaching Britain in just 16 days – less than half the time taken by sea. In that year, government tenders on both sides of the world invited applications to run new passenger and mail services between the ends of the [[British Empire]], and [[Qantas]] and IAL were successful with a joint bid. A company under combined ownership was then formed, Qantas Empire Airways. The new ten-day service between [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]] (near [[Sydney]]), and [[Southampton]] was such a success with letter-writers that before long the volume of mail was exceeding aircraft storage space. |
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A better solution to the problem was sought by the British government during the early 1930s, who released a specification calling for a new large aircraft capable of carrying up to 24 passengers in spacious comfort along with adequate room for [[airmail]] or freight while simultaneously being capable of a [[cruising speed]] of 170 |
A better solution to the problem was sought by the British government during the early 1930s, who released a specification calling for a new large aircraft capable of carrying up to 24 passengers in spacious comfort along with adequate room for [[airmail]] or freight while simultaneously being capable of a [[cruising speed]] of 170 MPH and a range of at least 700 miles; the capacity for an extended range of 2,000 miles to serve the [[North Atlantic]] route was also stipulated.<ref name = "norris 3">Norris 1966, p. 3.</ref> Originally intended for use by IAL, partner Qantas agreed to the initiative and undertook to purchase six of the new [[Short Empire|Short S23 "C" class or "Empire"]] flying boats as well. Being ordered from aviation manufacturer [[Short Brothers]], the Empire was reportedly hailed as being "one of the world's boldest experiments in aviation", while early sceptics referred to the order less favourably as being a 'gamble'.<ref name="norris 3" /> IAL were so impressed by the Empire that it placed a follow-on order for another 11; when combined with the original order for 28 flying boats, this was the largest single order to have ever been placed for a British civil aircraft at that time.<ref name = "norris 10 11">Norris 1966, pp. 10–11.</ref> |
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[[File:Maia and Mercury, August 1938 (Our Generation, 1938).jpg|thumb|"[[Short Mayo Composite|Maia and Mercury]]", just before the first trans-Atlantic flight, August 1938]] |
[[File:Maia and Mercury, August 1938 (Our Generation, 1938).jpg|thumb|"[[Short Mayo Composite|Maia and Mercury]]", just before the first trans-Atlantic flight, August 1938]] |
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The German [[Dornier Do X]] flying boat was noticeably different from its UK and U.S.-built counterparts.<ref name=Flight210230p233>{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200241.html |volume=XXII No.8 |issue=1104 |work=Flight |publisher=via Flightglobal.com |title=The Dornier Do. X First Authentic Data and Particulars |date=21 February 1930 |pages=233–237}}</ref> It had wing-like protrusions from the fuselage, called [[sponson]]s, to stabilize it on the water without the need for wing-mounted outboard floats. This feature was pioneered by [[Claudius Dornier]] during the First World War on his Dornier Rs. I giant flying boat, and perfected on the [[Dornier Do J|Dornier Wal]] in 1924. The enormous Do X was powered by 12 engines and once carried 170 persons as a publicity stunt.<ref name=FBS1/> It flew to America in 1930–31,<ref name=FBS1/> crossing the Atlantic via an indirect route over 9 months. It was the largest flying boat of its time, but was severely underpowered and was limited by a very low operational ceiling. Only three were built, with a variety of different engines installed, in an attempt to overcome the lack of power. Two of these were sold to Italy. |
The German [[Dornier Do X]] flying boat was noticeably different from its UK and U.S.-built counterparts.<ref name=Flight210230p233>{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200241.html |volume=XXII No.8 |issue=1104 |work=Flight |publisher=via Flightglobal.com |title=The Dornier Do. X First Authentic Data and Particulars |date=21 February 1930 |pages=233–237}}</ref> It had wing-like protrusions from the fuselage, called [[sponson]]s, to stabilize it on the water without the need for wing-mounted outboard floats. This feature was pioneered by [[Claudius Dornier]] during the First World War on his Dornier Rs. I giant flying boat, and perfected on the [[Dornier Do J|Dornier Wal]] in 1924. The enormous Do X was powered by 12 engines and once carried 170 persons as a publicity stunt.<ref name=FBS1/> It flew to America in 1930–31,<ref name=FBS1/> crossing the Atlantic via an indirect route over 9 months. It was the largest flying boat of its time, but was severely underpowered and was limited by a very low operational ceiling. Only three were built, with a variety of different engines installed, in an attempt to overcome the lack of power. Two of these were sold to Italy. |
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The [[Dornier Do J|Dornier Wal]] was "easily the greatest commercial success in the history of marine aviation".<ref>Nicolaou 1998, {{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> Over 250 were built in Italy, Spain, Japan, The Netherlands and Germany. Numerous airlines operated the Dornier Wal on scheduled passenger and mail services.<ref>Gandt, Robert L. |
The [[Dornier Do J|Dornier Wal]] was "easily the greatest commercial success in the history of marine aviation".<ref>Nicolaou 1998, {{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> Over 250 were built in Italy, Spain, Japan, The Netherlands and Germany. Numerous airlines operated the Dornier Wal on scheduled passenger and mail services.<ref>Gandt, Robert L. "CHINA CLIPPER – The Age of the Great Flying Boats." Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. 1991. {{ISBN|0-87021-209-5}}.</ref> Wals were used by explorers, for a number of pioneering flights, and by the military in many countries. Though having first flown in 1922, from 1934 to 1938 Wals operated the over-water sectors of the [[Deutsche Luft Hansa]] South Atlantic Airmail service.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=First Transatlantic air line |date=February 1933 |journal=Popular Science}}</ref><ref>James W. Graue & John Duggan. "Deutsche Lufthansa South Atlantic Airmail Service 1934 – 1939", Zeppelin Study Group, Ickenham, UK. 2000. {{ISBN|0-9514114-5-4}}.</ref> |
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===Second World War=== |
===Second World War=== |
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