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{{short description|Fruit growing on woody vines in clusters}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Distinguish|Grapefruit}}
{{about|the fruits of the genus Vitis|the European grapevine|Vitis vinifera|other uses|Grape (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Abhar-iran.JPG|thumb|upright|Grapes]]
[[File:Grapes, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|thumb| "Black" (dark blue) and "white" (light green) [[table grape]]s]]
A '''grape''' is a [[fruit]], [[botany|botanically]] a [[berry (botany)|berry]], of the [[deciduous]] woody [[vine]]s of the flowering plant genus ''[[Vitis]]''. Grapes are a non-[[Climacteric (botany)|climacteric]] type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.

The cultivation of grapes began perhaps 8,000 years ago, and the fruit has been used as human food over history. Eaten fresh or in dried form (as [[raisin]]s, [[Zante currant|currants]] and [[Sultana (grape)|sultanas]]), grapes also hold cultural significance in many parts of the world, particularly for their role in [[winemaking]]. Other grape-derived products include various types of jam, juice, vinegar and oil.

{{Clear|left}}
{{nutritional value | name=Grapes, red or green
| kJ=288
| water=81 g
| protein=0.72&nbsp;g
| fat=0.16&nbsp;g
| carbs=18.1&nbsp;g
| fiber=0.9&nbsp;g
| sugars=15.48&nbsp;g
| calcium_mg=10
| iron_mg=0.36
| magnesium_mg=7
| phosphorus_mg=20
| potassium_mg=191
| sodium_mg=2
| zinc_mg=0.07
| manganese_mg=0.071
| vitC_mg=3.2
| thiamin_mg=0.069
| riboflavin_mg=0.07
| niacin_mg=0.188
| pantothenic_mg=0.05
| vitB6_mg=0.086
| folate_ug=2
| choline_mg=5.6
| vitE_mg=0.19
| vitK_ug=14.6
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/174683/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

== History ==
The [[Middle East]] is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANGŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/angur-grapes |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=According to A. de Candolle (L’Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where “it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit without any pruning or cultivation.” His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.}}</ref><ref name=This>{{cite journal|author1=This, Patrice |author2=Lacombe, Thierry |author3=Thomash, Mark R. |title=Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=22 |issue=9 |url=https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf |pages=511–519 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008 |pmid=16872714 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224603/https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> [[Yeast (wine)|Yeast]], one of the earliest domesticated [[microorganism]]s, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf |title=Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture|author=McGovern, Patrick E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231457/http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://winehistory.com/2i.htm |author=McGovern, P. E. |title=Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530202942/http://winehistory.com/2i.htm |archive-date=2013-05-30}}</ref><ref>Keys, David (2003-12-28) [http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603094312/http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm |date=2013-06-03}}. archaeology.ws.</ref>

The [[Areni-1 winery|oldest known winery]] was found in [[Armenia]], dating to around 4000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave|last=Owen|first=James|date=12 January 2011|website=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205116/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|archive-date=2017-06-03|url-status=dead|access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> By the 9th century AD, the city of [[Shiraz]] was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that [[Syrah]] red wine is named after [[Shiraz]], a city in Persia where the grape was used to make [[Shirazi wine]].<ref name="Hugh J">Hugh Johnson, ''"The Story of Wine"'', New Illustrated Edition, pp. 58, 131, Mitchell Beazley 2004, {{ISBN|1-84000-972-1}}.</ref>

[[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[hieroglyphics]] record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient [[Greeks (wine)|Greeks]], [[Cypriot wine| Cypriots]], [[Phoenicians (wine)|Phoenicians]], and [[Ancient Rome (wine)|Romans]] growing purple grapes both for eating and wine production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |title=Grape |date=October 2015 |website=Better Health Channel Victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109141333/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |archive-date=2018-01-09 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in [[North America]].

In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that some [[Chalcolithic]] wine jars, which were discovered in Cyprus in the 1930s, were the oldest of their kind in the world, dating back to 3,500 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gillhamvineyard.com/wine-history-cyprus/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20winemaking%20in,dating%20back%20to%203%2C500%20BC. |title=Wine History Cyprus}}</ref> Moreover, Commandaria, a sweet dessert wine from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world, its origins traced as far back as 2000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-manufactured-wine/ |title=Oldest manufactured wine |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> 

In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus ''Vitis'' proliferate in the wild across the continent, and were a part of the diet of many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], but were considered by early European colonists to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century, [[Ephraim Bull]] of [[Concord, Massachusetts]], cultivated seeds from wild ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' vines to create the [[Concord grape]] which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.<ref name="Robinson">Jancis Robinson, ''Vines, Grapes & Wines'' (Mitchell Beazley, 1986, {{ISBN|1-85732-999-6}}), pp. 8, 18, 228.</ref>

== Description ==
Grapes are a type of [[fruit]] that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. [[Mutation]]s in two [[regulatory genes]] of white grapes turn off production of [[anthocyanin]]s, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Walker | first1 = A. R.
| last2 = Lee | first2 = E.
| last3 = Bogs | first3 = J.
| last4 = McDavid | first4 = D. A. J.
| last5 = Thomas | first5 = M. R.
| last6 = Robinson | first6 = S. P.
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x
| title = White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes
| journal = The Plant Journal
| volume = 49
| issue = 5
| pages = 772–785
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17316172
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> Anthocyanins and other [[pigment]] chemicals of the larger family of [[Polyphenols in grape|polyphenols]] in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x
| last1 = Waterhouse | first1 = A. L.
| title = Wine phenolics
| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
| volume = 957
| issue = 1 | pages = 21–36
| year = 2002
| pmid = 12074959
| bibcode = 2002NYASA.957...21W | s2cid = 36937910}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(<span class="ltr">03</span>)00518-1
| last1 = Brouillard | first1 = R.
| last2 = Chassaing | first2 = S.
| last3 = Fougerousse | first3 = A.
| title = Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?
| journal = Phytochemistry
| volume = 64
| issue = 7
| pages = 1179–1186
| year = 2003
| pmid = 14599515
| bibcode = 2003PChem..64.1179B }}</ref> Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a [[prolate spheroid]].

===Nutrition===
Raw grapes are 81% water, 18% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and have negligible [[fat]] (table). A {{convert|100|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=off|adj=on}} reference amount of raw grapes supplies {{convert|288|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]] and a moderate amount of [[vitamin K]] (14% of the [[Daily Value]]), with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant amounts.

== Grapevines ==
{{Main|Vitis}}
[[File:ConcordGrapes.jpg|thumb|upright|Concord is a variety of North American ''labrusca'' grape]]
Most domesticated grapes come from [[List of grape varieties|cultivars]] of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', a grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia. Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian species such as:

* ''[[Vitis amurensis]]'', the most important Asian species
* ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', the North American table and grape juice grapevines (including the [[Concord (grape)|Concord]] [[cultivar]]), sometimes used for wine, are native to the Eastern United States and Canada.
* ''[[Vitis mustangensis]]'' (the mustang grape), found in Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma
* ''[[Vitis riparia]]'', a wild vine of North America, is sometimes used for winemaking and for jam. It is native to the entire Eastern United States and north to [[Quebec]].
* ''[[Vitis rotundifolia]]'' (the muscadine), used for jams and wine, is native to the Southeastern United States from [[Delaware]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].

== Trade ==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Top grape exporting countries by years (in USD)
!Rank
!Country
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
|-
|1
|Peru
|673.4M
|847.3M
|917.9M
|1.0B
|1.5B
|-
|2
|Chile
|1.2B
|1.2B
|1.2B
|1.0B
|927.1M
|-
|3
|Netherlands
|653.3M
|778.1M
|721.8M
|794.5M
|916.5M
|-
|4
|South Africa
|572.0M
|567.4M
|553.4M
|567.2M
|907.3M
|-
|5
|Italy
|864.8M
|800.1M
|724.8M
|835.1M
|876.7M
|-
|6
|United States
|904.9M
|926.6M
|857.2M
|825.2M
|782.7M
|-
|7
|China
|735.4M
|690.1M
|987.4M
|1.2B
|757.3M
|-
|8
|Spain
|338.4M
|410.9M
|343.6M
|471.6M
|516.8M
|-
|9
|Australia
|286.4M
|286.9M
|386.5M
|432.2M
|344.5M
|-
|10
|India
|281.7M
|279.2M
|320.1M
|295.9M
|336.4M
|-
| -
|World
|8.5B
|8.7B
|9.0B
|9.5B
|9.9B
|-
| colspan="7" |Source: [https://www.tridge.com/trades/data?code=080610&reporter=WL&partner=WL&flow=e&classification=HS2012 Tridge]
|}
{{Clear|left}}

== Distribution and production ==
[[File:Top grapes countries producers in the world.png|upright=3.2|thumb|center|Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012.<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Top 20 grape producing countries in 2012] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |date=2011-07-13}} faostat.fao.org.</ref>]]
According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), 75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes. Approximately 71% of world grape production is used for wine, 27% as fresh fruit, and 2% as [[dried fruit]]. A portion of grape production goes to producing grape juice to be reconstituted for fruits canned "with no [[added sugar]]" and "100% natural". The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by about 2% per year.

There are no reliable statistics that break down grape production by variety. It is believed that the most widely planted variety is [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana]], also known as Thompson Seedless, with at least 3,600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (880,000 acres) dedicated to it. The second most common variety is [[Airén]]. Other popular varieties include [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Sauvignon blanc]], [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Merlot]], [[Grenache]], [[Tempranillo]], [[Riesling]], and [[Chardonnay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=29614 |title=The most widely planted grape in the world |work=freshplaza.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510092055/http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=29614 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |access-date=2010-04-10}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; clear:left; margin-right:1em;"
|+ Top producers of grapes{{Cn|date=April 2023}}for [[wine making]], by area planted
|-
! style="background:#ddf;"| Country
! style="background:#ddf;"| Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| {{flagu|Spain}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:11750}}
|-
| {{flagu|France}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:8640}}
|-
| {{flagu|Italy}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:8270}}
|-
| {{flagu|Turkey}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:8120}}
|-
| {{flagu|United States}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:4150}}
|-
| {{flagu|Iran}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:2860}}
|-
| {{flagu|Romania}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:2480}}
|-
| {{flagu|Portugal}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:2160}}
|-
| {{flagu|Argentina}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:2080}}
|-
| {{flagu|Chile}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1840}}
|-
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1642}}
|-
| {{flagu|Armenia}}
| style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:1459}}
|}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Top grape producing countries by years<br />(in metric tons)
!Rank
!Country
!2009
!2010
!2011
!2012
!2020
|-
| 1 || {{flagu|China}} || 8,038,703 || 8,651,831 || 9,174,280 || 9,600,000 F
|14,769,088
|-
| 2 || {{flagu|United States}} || 6,629,198 || 6,777,731 || 6,756,449 || 6,661,820
|8,222,360
|-
| 3 || {{flagu|Italy}} || 8,242,500 || 7,787,800 || 7,115,500 || 5,819,010
|6,817,770
|-
| 4 || {{flagu|France}} || 6,101,525 || 5,794,433 || 6,588,904 || 5,338,512
|5,884,230
|-
| 5 || {{flagu|Spain}} || 5,535,333 || 6,107,617 || 5,809,315 || 5,238,300
|5,388,679
|-
| 6 || {{flagu|Turkey}} || 4,264,720 || 4,255,000 || 4,296,351 || 4,275,659
|4,208,908
|-
| 7 || {{flagu|Chile}} || 2,600,000 || 2,903,000 || 3,149,380 || 3,200,000 F
|3,125,000
|-
| 8 || {{flagu|Argentina}} || 2,181,567 || 2,616,613 || 2,750,000 || 2,800,000 F
|2,772,561
|-
| 9 || {{flagu|Iran}} || 2,305,000 || 2,225,000 || 2,240,000 || 2,150,000 F
|2,055,746
|-
| 10 || {{flagu|South Africa}} || 1,748,590 || 1,743,496 || 1,683,927 || 1,839,030
|2,028,185
|- style="background:#ccc;"
| — || ''World'' || 58,521,410 || 58,292,101 || 58,500,118 || 67,067,128
|78,034,332
|-
| colspan="7" | {{center|1=''Source: [[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |publisher=[[FAO|UN Food & Agriculture Organization]] |title=Production of Grape by countries |year=2011 |access-date=2014-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking Of Countries That Produce The Most Grapes |url=https://beef2live.com/story-ranking-countries-produce-grapes-204-213001 |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=beef2live.com |language=en}}</ref> <small>(F=FAO estimate)</small>}}
|}{{Clear}}

== Table and wine grapes ==
[[File:Wine grapes03.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wine grapes on the vine]]
Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either [[Table grape|table]] or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make [[wine]] (wine grapes). The sweetness of grapes depends on when they are harvested, as they do not continue to ripen once picked.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/dining/ottolenghi-grape-recipes.html Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert]</ref> While almost all of them belong to the same species, ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through [[selective breeding]]. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |title=WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine |website=WineLoversPage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153541/http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref>

== Seedless grapes ==
Seedless cultivars now make up the overwhelming majority of table grape plantings. Because grapevines are [[Vegetative reproduction|vegetatively propagated]] by cuttings, the lack of seeds does not present a problem for reproduction. It is an issue for breeders, who must either use a seeded variety as the female parent or rescue embryos early in development using [[Plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] techniques.

There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: [[Thompson Seedless]], [[Russian Seedless]], and [[Black Monukka]], all being cultivars of ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern [[Ontario]].<ref>Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens M-H. [http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html "Seedless Grapes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619010322/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html |date=2008-06-19 }}, in "Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates", Information Bulletin 234, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, retrieved December 30, 2008.</ref>

An offset to the improved eating quality of seedlessness is the loss of potential health benefits provided by the enriched [[phytochemical]] content of grape seeds (see [[#Health claims|Health claims]], below).<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Shi | first1 = J.
| last2 = Yu | first2 = J.
| last3 = Pohorly | first3 = J. E.
| last4 = Kakuda | first4 = Y.
| title = Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality
| doi = 10.1089/109662003772519831
| journal = Journal of Medicinal Food
| volume = 6
| issue = 4
| pages = 291–299
| year = 2003
| pmid = 14977436
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Parry | first1 = J.
| last2 = Su | first2 = L.
| last3 = Moore | first3 = J.
| last4 = Cheng | first4 = Z.
| last5 = Luther | first5 = M.
| last6 = Rao | first6 = J. N.
| last7 = Wang | first7 = J. Y.
| last8 = Yu | first8 = L. L.
| doi = 10.1021/jf060325k
| title = Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 54
| issue = 11
| pages = 3773–3778
| year = 2006
| pmid = 16719495
}}</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Culinary ===
Grapes are eaten raw, dried (as raisins, currants and sultanas), or cooked. Also, depending on grape cultivar, grapes are used in winemaking. Grapes can be processed into a multitude of products such as jams, juices, vinegars and oils.
Commercially cultivated grapes are classified as either table or wine grapes. These categories are based on their intended method of consumption: grapes that are eaten raw (table grapes), or grapes that are used to make wine (wine grapes).
Table grape cultivars normally have large, seedless fruit and thin skins. Wine grapes are smaller (in comparison to table grapes), usually contains seeds, and have thicker skins (a desirable characteristic in making wine). Most of the aroma in wine is from the skin. Wine grapes tend to have a high sugar content. They are harvested at peak sugar levels (approximately 24% sugar by weight.) In comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice" made from table grapes are normally around 15% sugar by weight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |title=WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine |website=WineLoversPage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153541/http://www.wineloverspage.com/dibbern/grapetaste07.phtml |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref>

==== Raisins, currants and sultanas ====
{{Main|Raisin}}
[[File:Raisins 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Raisin]]s]]

In most of Europe and North America, dried grapes are referred to as "raisins" or the local equivalent. In the UK, three different varieties are recognized, forcing the EU to use the term "dried vine fruit" in official documents.

A ''[[raisin]]'' is any dried grape. While ''raisin'' is a French [[loanword]], the word in French refers to the fresh fruit; ''grappe'' (from which the English ''grape'' is derived) refers to the bunch (as in ''une grappe de raisins''). A raisin in French is called ''raisin sec'' ("dry grape").

A ''[[Zante currant|currant]]'' is a dried [[Zakynthos|Zante]] Black Corinth grape, the name being a corruption of the French ''raisin de Corinthe'' ([[Corinth]] grape). The names of the black and red currant, now more usually [[blackcurrant]] and [[redcurrant]], two berries unrelated to grapes, are derived from this use. Some other fruits of similar appearance are also so named, for example, Australian currant, native currant, Indian currant.<ref>{{Cite OED|currant|id=46089}}</ref>

A ''sultana'' was originally a raisin made from [[Sultana (grape)|Sultana grapes]] of Turkish origin (known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), but the word is now applied to raisins made from either white grapes or red grapes that are bleached to resemble the traditional sultana.

==== Juice ====
[[File:Grape Juice.jpg|thumb|upright|Grape juice]]
{{Main|Grape juice}}
Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or [[fermentation (wine)|fermented]] and made into [[wine]], [[brandy]], or [[vinegar]].  Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol.  In the [[wine]] industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "[[must]]". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from [[Concord (grape)|Concord grapes]], while white grape juice is commonly made from [[Niagara (grape)|Niagara grapes]], both of which are varieties of {{Not a typo|native American}} grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sweetwatercellars.com/thompsonseedless.html |title=Thompson Seedless Grape Juice |work=sweetwatercellars.com |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325155101/http://sweetwatercellars.com/thompsonseedless.html |archive-date=2012-03-25 |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref>

==Pomace and phytochemicals==
Winemaking from red and white grape flesh and skins produces substantial quantities of organic residues, collectively called [[pomace]] (also "marc"), which includes crushed skins, seeds, stems, and leaves generally used as [[compost]].<ref name="gomez">{{cite journal | last1=Gómez-Brandón | first1=María | last2=Lores | first2=Marta | last3=Insam | first3=Heribert | last4=Domínguez | first4=Jorge | title=Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc | journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology | volume=39 | issue=4 | date=2019-04-02 |issn=0738-8551 | doi=10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514 | pages=437–450|pmid=30939940| s2cid=93000616}}</ref> Grape pomace &ndash; some 10-30% of the total mass of grapes crushed &ndash; contains various [[phytochemical]]s, such as unfermented sugars, alcohol, [[polyphenol]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[anthocyanin]]s, and numerous other compounds, some of which are harvested and [[extract]]ed for commercial applications (a process sometimes called "valorization" of the pomace).<ref name=gomez/><ref name="Muhlack">{{cite journal |last1=Muhlack |first1=Richard A. |last2=Potumarthi |first2=Ravichandra |last3=Jeffery |first3=David W. |title=Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products |journal=Waste Management |volume=72 |year=2018 |issn=0956-053X |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011 |pages=99–118 |pmid=29132780|bibcode=2018WaMan..72...99M }}</ref>

=== Skin ===
[[File:Wine grape diagram en.svg|right|thumb|Grape cross-section|upright=1.35|alt=Anatomical-style diagram of three grapes on their stalks. Two of the grapes are shown in cross-section with all their internal parts labeled.]]

[[Anthocyanin]]s tend to be the main [[Polyphenols in grape|polyphenolics]] in purple grapes, whereas [[flavan-3-ol]]s (i.e. [[catechin]]s) are the more abundant class of polyphenols in white varieties.<ref name="hozczp">{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1021/jf0204102
| last1 = Cantos | first1 = E.
| last2 = Espín | first2 = J. C.
| last3 = Tomás-Barberán | first3 = F. A.
| title = Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 50
| issue = 20
| pages = 5691–5696
| year = 2002
| pmid = 12236700
}}</ref> Total phenolic content is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin.<ref name="hozczp" /> Phenolic content of grape skin varies with [[cultivar]], soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

[[Muscadine]] grapes contain a relatively high phenolic content among dark grapes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, Coign MJ |title=Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines |url=http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57 |journal=Am. J. Enol. Vitic. |year=1996 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57 |s2cid=98822789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119045158/http://www.ajevonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/1/57 |archive-date=2006-11-19 |access-date=2006-11-21}}</ref><ref name="Xu">{{cite journal | last1=Xu | first1=Changmou | last2=Yagiz | first2=Yavuz | last3=Zhao | first3=Lu | last4=Simonne | first4=Amarat | last5=Lu | first5=Jiang | last6=Marshall | first6=Maurice R. | title=Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States | journal=Food Chemistry |volume=215 | year=2017 | issn=0308-8146 | doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163 | pages=149–156|pmid=27542461}}</ref> In muscadine skins, [[ellagic acid]], [[myricetin]], [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], and trans-resveratrol are major phenolics.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| title = Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes
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| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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| issue = 18
| pages = 5497–5503
| year = 2003
| pmid = 12926904
}}</ref>

The flavonols [[syringetin]], syringetin 3-O-galactoside, [[laricitrin]] and laricitrin 3-O-galactoside are also found in purple grape but absent in white grape.<ref name=Mattivi>{{Cite journal
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| last3 = Vrhovsek | first3 = U.
| last4 = Stefanini | first4 = M.
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| title = Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins
| doi = 10.1021/jf061538c
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 54
| issue = 20
| pages = 7692–7702
| year = 2006
| pmid = 17002441
}}</ref>

=== Seeds ===
{{Main|Grape seed extract|Grape seed oil}}

Muscadine grape seeds contain about twice the total polyphenol content of skins.<ref name=Xu/> [[Grape seed oil]] from crushed seeds is used in [[cosmeceutical]]s and [[skincare]] products. Grape seed oil, including [[tocopherol]]s ([[vitamin E]]) and high contents of [[phytosterol]]s and [[polyunsaturated fatty acid]]s such as [[linoleic acid]], [[oleic acid]], and [[alpha-linolenic acid]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Beveridge | first1 = T. H. J.
| last2 = Girard | first2 = B.
| last3 = Kopp | first3 = T.
| last4 = Drover | first4 = J. C. G.
| title = Yield and Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects
| doi = 10.1021/jf040295q
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 53
| issue = 5
| pages = 1799–1804
| year = 2005
| pmid = 15740076
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
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| last7 = Winkelmann | first7 = W.
| doi = 10.1021/jf060338y
| title = Quantitation of the Main Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 54
| issue = 17
| pages = 6261–6265
| year = 2006
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| title = Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes
| doi = 10.1080/09637480701581551
| journal = International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
| volume = 60
| issue = 1
| pages = 32–39
| year = 2009
| pmid = 17886077
| s2cid = 29294873
}}</ref>

=== Resveratrol ===
{{Main|Resveratrol}}
Resveratrol, a [[stilbene]] compound, is found in widely varying amounts among grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds.<ref name="lpi">{{cite web | title = Resveratrol | publisher = Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |date=11 June 2015 | url = http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/resveratrol/ |access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> [[Muscadine]] grapes have about one hundred times higher concentration of stilbenes than pulp. Fresh grape skin contains about 50 to 100 micrograms of resveratrol per gram.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Li | first1 = X.
| last2 = Wu | first2 = B.
| last3 = Wang | first3 = L.
| last4 = Li | first4 = S.
| title = Extractable Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level
| doi = 10.1021/jf061722y
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 54
| issue = 23
| pages = 8804–8811
| year = 2006
| pmid = 17090126
}}</ref>

== Health claims ==
{{Main|Health effects of wine|Grape therapy|Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs}}

=== French paradox ===
{{Main|French paradox}}
Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although French people tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of [[heart disease]] remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the [[French paradox]], and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine, among other dietary practices. Alcohol consumption in moderation may be cardioprotective by its minor [[anticoagulant]] effect and [[vasodilation]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Providência | first1 = R.
| title = Cardiovascular protection from alcoholic drinks: Scientific basis of the French Paradox
| journal = Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia | volume = 25
| issue = 11
| pages = 1043–1058
| year = 2006
| pmid = 17274460
}}</ref>

[[File:Armenian dolma.jpeg|upright=0.9|thumb|right|Using grape leaves in cuisine ([[Dolma]])]]

Although adoption of wine consumption is generally not recommended by health authorities,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110717/http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422 Alcohol, wine and cardiovascular disease]. American Heart Association.</ref> some research indicates moderate consumption, such as one glass of red wine a day for women and two for men, may confer health benefits.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100204225103/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/alcohol/ Alcohol]. Harvard School of Public Health.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = Mukamal | first1 = K. J.
| last2 = Kennedy | first2 = M.
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| last6 = Polak | first6 = J.
| last7 = Criqui | first7 = M. H.
| last8 = Siscovick | first8 = D. S.
| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwm274
| title = Alcohol Consumption and Lower Extremity Arterial Disease among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
| journal = American Journal of Epidemiology
| volume = 167
| issue = 1
| pages = 34–41
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17971339
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| last1 = De Lange | first1 = D. W.
| last2 = Van De Wiel | first2 = A.
| doi = 10.1055/s-2004-835376
| title = Drink to Prevent: Review on the Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Alcohol and Red Wine Polyphenols
| journal = Seminars in Vascular Medicine
| volume = 4
| issue = 2
| pages = 173–186
| year = 2004
| pmid = 15478039
| s2cid = 260368051
}}</ref> Alcohol itself may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| last1 = Sato | first1 = M.
| last2 = Maulik | first2 = N.
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| title = Cardioprotection with alcohol: Role of both alcohol and polyphenolic antioxidants
| journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
| volume = 957
| pages = 122–135
| year = 2002
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| bibcode = 2002NYASA.957..122S |s2cid=95931627}}</ref>

=== Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs ===
{{Main|Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs}}
The consumption of grapes and raisins presents a potential health threat to dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause the animal to develop [[acute kidney failure]] (the sudden development of kidney failure) with [[anuria]] (a lack of urine production) and may be fatal.<ref>[http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211106.htm Raisins/Grapes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929143344/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm%2Fbc%2F211106.htm |date=2007-09-29}}. The Merck Veterinary Manual.</ref>

== In religion ==
{{See also|Christian views on alcohol}}
Christians have traditionally used wine during worship services as a means of remembering the [[Blood of Christ|blood of Jesus Christ]] which was [[Atonement in Christianity|shed for the remission of sins]]. Christians who oppose the partaking of alcoholic beverages sometimes use grape juice as the "cup" or "wine" in the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]].<ref name="UMC – Grape Juice">{{cite web |url=http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1339 |title=Why do most Methodist churches serve grape juice instead of wine for Holy Communion? |publisher=The United Methodist Church |access-date=2007-07-07}}</ref>

The [[Catholic Church]] continues to use wine in the celebration of the [[Eucharist]] because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the [[Last Supper]], where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine become the [[Body of Christ|body]] and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as [[transubstantiation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P44.HTM |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1413 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=2012-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609042950/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P44.HTM |archive-date=2011-06-09}}</ref> Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05573a.htm |title=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1909-05-01 |access-date=2012-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111144148/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05573a.htm |archive-date=2012-01-11}}</ref> The [[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church]] (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01358a.htm |title=Altar wine, Catholic encyclopedia |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1907-03-01 |access-date=2012-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205053844/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01358a.htm |archive-date=2012-02-05 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:GrapesBuds.JPG|Flower buds
File:GrapesFlowers.JPG|Flowers
File:TenderGrapes.JPG|Immature fruit
File:Grapes Angoor.JPG|Grapes in Iran
File:Grapes.jpg|Wine grapes
File:Cyprusgrapefarm.jpg|Vineyard in the [[Troodos Mountains]]
File:Seedless grapes of Kallidaikurichi.jpg|seedless grapes
File:Grapes in the Philippines 1.jpg|Grapes in the [[Philippines|La Union, Philippines]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{portal|Food|Wine}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Annual growth cycle of grapevines]]
* [[Drakshasava]], a traditional Ayurvedic tonic made from grapes
* [[Grape syrup]]
* [[List of grape dishes]]
* [[List of grape varieties]]
* ''[[Menispermum canadense]]'', a poisonous species resembling wild grapes
* [[Propagation of grapevines]]
* [[The Fox and the Grapes]]
{{div col end}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Creasy, G. L. and L. L. Creasy (2009). ''Grapes'' (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-401-9}}.

== External links ==
{{wikiquote|Grapes}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|grape}}
* {{commons category-inline|Grapes}}

{{Grape varieties}}
{{Viticulture}}
{{Fruit juice}}
{{Tannin source}}
{{Bioenergy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Grape| ]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Europe]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Plants in the Bible]]
[[Category:Flora of Palestine (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Israel]]