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{{Infobox anatomy
| Name        = Haematopoietic system
| Latin       =
| Image       = Hematopoesis EN.svg
| Caption     = Sites of [[haematopoiesis]] periods before and after birth
| Width       =
| Image2      =
| Caption2    =
| Precursor   =
| System      =
| Artery      =
| Vein        =
| Nerve       =
| Lymph       =
| Function = Creation of the cells of [[blood]]
}}

The '''haematopoietic system''' is the system in the body involved in the creation of the cells of [[blood]].<ref>{{cite web |title=hematopoietic system |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hematopoietic%20system |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

==Structure==
===Stem cells===
{{main|Hematopoietic stem cell}}
[[Hematopoietic stem cell|Haematopoietic stem cell]]s (HSCs) reside in the medulla of the bone ([[bone marrow]]) and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types and tissues.<ref name="Monga">{{cite journal | vauthors = Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S| title = Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells | journal = Briefings in Functional Genomics | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 159–176 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35265979 | doi = 10.1093/bfgp/elac002}}</ref><ref name="Birbrair n/a–n/a"/> HSCs are self-renewing cells: when they differentiate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, so the pool of stem cells is not depleted. This phenomenon is called asymmetric division.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morrison|first=J.|author2=Judith Kimble|title=Asymmetric and symmetric stem-cell divisions in development and cancer|doi=10.1038/nature04956|pmid=16810241|journal=Nature|volume=441|issue=7097|pages=1068–74|year=2006|bibcode=2006Natur.441.1068M|hdl=2027.42/62868|s2cid=715049|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62868/1/nature04956.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The other daughters of HSCs ([[myeloid]] and [[Lymphatic system|lymphoid]] progenitor cells) can follow any of the other differentiation pathways that lead to the production of one or more specific types of blood cell, but cannot renew themselves. The pool of progenitors is [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] and can be divided into two groups; long-term self-renewing HSC and only transiently self-renewing HSC, also called short-terms.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morrison|first=SJ|author2=Weissman, IL|title=The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolable by phenotype.|journal=Immunity|date=Nov 1994|volume=1|issue=8|pages=661–73|pmid=7541305|doi=10.1016/1074-7613(94)90037-x}}</ref> This is one of the main vital processes in the body.

===Development===
In developing embryos, blood formation occurs in aggregates of blood cells in the yolk sac, called [[blood islands]]. As development progresses, blood formation occurs in the [[spleen]], [[liver]] and [[lymph node]]s. When [[bone marrow]] develops, it eventually assumes the task of forming most of the blood cells for the entire organism.<ref name="Birbrair n/a–n/a"/> However, maturation, activation, and some proliferation of lymphoid cells occurs in the spleen, [[thymus]], and lymph nodes. In children, haematopoiesis occurs in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=KS|author2=de Alarcón, PA|title=Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early childhood.|journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America|date=Dec 2013|volume=60|issue=6|pages=1273–89|pmid=24237971|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2013.08.002}}</ref>

==Function==
{{main|Haematopoeisis}}
Haematopoiesis (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] αἷμα, "blood" and ποιεῖν "to make"; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also haemopoiesis or hemopoiesis) is the formation of [[blood]] cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from [[Hematopoietic stem cell|haematopoietic stem cell]]s.<ref name="Birbrair n/a–n/a">{{Cite journal|last1=Birbrair|first1=Alexander|last2=Frenette|first2=Paul S.|date=2016-03-01|title=Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|pages=82–96|doi=10.1111/nyas.13016|issn=1749-6632|volume=1370|issue=1|pmid=27015419|pmc=4938003|bibcode=2016NYASA1370...82B}}</ref> In a healthy adult person, approximately 1011–1012 new blood cells are produced daily in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation.<ref name=T4>Semester 4 medical lectures at Uppsala University 2008 by Leif Jansson</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Parslow, T G. |author2=Stites, DP. |author3=Terr, AI. |author4=Imboden JB. |title=Medical Immunology |year=1997 |edition=1 |isbn=978-0-8385-6278-9}}</ref>

All blood cells are divided into three lineages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hematopoiesis from Pluripotent Stem Cells|publisher=ThermoFisher Scientific|url=http://www.ebioscience.com/resources/pathways/hematopoiesis-from-pluripotent-sem-cells.htm|access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>
* [[Red blood cell]]s, also called erythrocytes, are the oxygen-carrying [[red blood cell|cell]]s. [[Red blood cells|Erythrocytes]] are functional and are released into the blood. The number of reticulocytes, immature red blood cells, gives an estimate of the rate of [[erythropoiesis]].
* [[Lymphocyte]]s are the cornerstone of the adaptive immune system. They are derived from common lymphoid progenitors. The lymphoid lineage is composed of [[T-cell]]s, [[B-cell]]s and [[natural killer cells]]. This is [[lymphopoiesis]].
* Cells of the myeloid lineage, which include [[granulocyte]]s, [[megakaryocyte]]s and [[macrophage]]s, are derived from common myeloid progenitors, and are involved in such diverse roles as [[innate immunity]] and [[blood clotting]]. This is [[myelopoiesis]].

==Clinical significance==

===Stem cell transplant===
{{main|stem cell transplant}}
A [[stem cell transplant]] is a transplant intended to replace the progenitor [[hematopoietic stem cell]]s

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of [[multipotent hematopoietic stem cell]]s, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.<ref name="HSCT2">{{cite journal |last1=Felfly |first1=H |last2=Haddad |first2=GG |title=Hematopoietic stem cells: potential new applications for translational medicine |journal=Journal of Stem Cells |date=2014 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=163–97 |pmid=25157450}}</ref><ref name="HSCT1">{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=B |last2=Yoo |first2=KH |last3=Kim |first3=C |title=Hematopoietic stem cell expansion and generation: the ways to make a breakthrough |journal=Blood Research |date=December 2015 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=194–203 |pmid=26770947 |doi=10.5045/br.2015.50.4.194 |pmc=4705045}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahla RS| title = Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease threpeutics | journal = International Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 2016 | issue = 7 | pages = 1–24 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27516776 | doi = 10.1155/2016/6940283 | pmc = 4969512 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It may be [[autologous stem cell transplantation|autologous]] (the patient's own stem cells are used), [[allotransplantation|allogeneic]] (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an identical twin).<ref name="HSCT2"/><ref name="HSCT1"/>

It is most often performed for patients with certain [[cancer]]s of the [[blood]] or [[bone marrow]], such as [[multiple myeloma]] or [[leukemia]].<ref name="HSCT1"/> In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation. Infection and [[graft-versus-host disease]] are major complications of [[Allotransplantation|allogeneic]] HSCT.<ref name="HSCT1"/>

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a dangerous procedure with many possible complications; it is reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. As survival following the procedure has increased, its use has expanded beyond cancer to [[autoimmune diseases]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tyndall A, Fassas A, Passweg J, etal |title=Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplants for autoimmune disease–feasibility and transplant-related mortality. Autoimmune Disease and Lymphoma Working Parties of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, the European League Against Rheumatism and the International Stem Cell Project for Autoimmune Disease |journal=Bone Marrow Transplant |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=729–34 |year=1999 |pmid=10516675 |doi=10.1038/sj.bmt.1701987|doi-access= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Burt RK, Loh Y, Pearce W, etal |title=Clinical applications of blood-derived and marrow-derived stem cells for nonmalignant diseases |journal=JAMA |volume=299 |issue=8 |pages=925–36 |year=2008 |pmid=18314435 |doi=10.1001/jama.299.8.925|doi-access=free }}</ref> and hereditary [[skeletal dysplasia]]s; notably [[malignant infantile osteopetrosis]]<ref name= elsobky2017>{{cite journal |last1=EL-Sobky |first1=Tamer Ahmed |last2=El-Haddad |first2=Alaa |last3=Elsobky |first3=Ezzat |last4=Elsayed |first4=Solaf M. |last5=Sakr |first5=Hossam Moussa |title=Reversal of skeletal radiographic pathology in a case of malignant infantile osteopetrosis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine |date=March 2017 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=237–43 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrnm.2016.12.013 |doi-access=free | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name= Hashemi2015>{{cite journal |last1=Hashemi Taheri |first1=Amir Pejman |last2=Radmard |first2=Amir Reza |last3=Kooraki |first3=Soheil |last4=Behfar |first4=Maryam |last5=Pak |first5=Neda |last6=Hamidieh |first6=Amir Ali |last7=Ghavamzadeh |first7=Ardeshir |title=Radiologic resolution of malignant infantile osteopetrosis skeletal changes following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |journal=Pediatric Blood & Cancer |date=September 2015 |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=1645–49 |doi=10.1002/pbc.25524 |pmid=25820806 |s2cid=11287381 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> and [[mucopolysaccharidosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Langereis |first1=Eveline J. |last2=den Os |first2=Matthijs M. |last3=Breen |first3=Catherine |last4=Jones |first4=Simon A. |last5=Knaven |first5=Olga C. |last6=Mercer |first6=Jean |last7=Miller |first7=Weston P. |last8=Kelly |first8=Paula M. |last9=Kennedy |first9=Jim |last10=Ketterl |first10=Tyler G. |last11=O'Meara |first11=Anne |last12=Orchard |first12=Paul J. |last13=Lund |first13=Troy C. |last14=van Rijn |first14=Rick R. |last15=Sakkers |first15=Ralph J. |last16=White |first16=Klane K. |last17=Wijburg |first17=Frits A. |title=Progression of Hip Dysplasia in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Hurler After Successful Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery |date=March 2016 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=386–95 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.O.00601 |pmid=26935461 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Blood]]
[[Category:Hematopoietic stem cells]]
[[Category:Bone marrow]]
[[Category:Immune system]]
[[Category:Respiration]]

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