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{{Short description|Mela held in Haridwar, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}{{Infobox recurring event
| name         = Haridwar Kumbh Mela
| native_name  = 
| native_name_lang =
| image        = Third Shahi Snan in Hari Ki Pauri.jpg
| image_size   =
| alt          =
| caption      = Pilgrims gather for the third ''Shahi Snan'' ("royal bath") at [[Har ki Pauri]] in Haridwar on 14 April 2010
| status       = active
| genre        = Fair, Religious gathering
| frequency    = Every 13 years
| prev         = 2021
| next         = 2033
| venue        = Banks of [[Ganges]]
| location     = [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| coordinates  = {{coord|29.958|78.171|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| country      = [[India]]
| participants = [[Akhara]]s, pilgrims and merchants
| attendance   =
| area         =
| budget       =
| activity     =
| sponsor      = Government of India,
Government of Uttarakhand 
| website      = {{URL|kumbhmelaharidwar.in}}
}}

'''Haridwar Kumbh Mela''' is a [[mela]], associated with [[Hinduism]] and held in the city of [[Haridwar]], [[India]] held every 12 years. The exact date is determined according to [[Hindu astrology]]: the Mela is held when [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]] is in [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] and the Sun enters [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]].<ref>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA380 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |page=380 }}</ref> The event possesses deep religious significance to [[Hindu]]s as well as other spiritual seekers. Historically, it was an important commercial event and was attended by merchants from as far as [[Arabia]].<ref name="RMM_1858"/>

The Haridwar Kumbh Mela had happened from 1 April to 30 April in the year 2021 amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-16|title=As Covid stalks Kumbh, Niranjani Akhara withdraws from next Shahi Snan, asks its seers to leave|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-covid-niranjan-akhada-shahi-snan-7276373/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> An Ardh Kumbh ("Half Kumbh") Mela is held six years after a Kumbh Mela. The last Ardh Kumbh Mela took place in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/ardh-kumbh-state-seeks-rs500-cr-central-aid.html |title=Ardh Kumbh: State seeks Rs 500 cr Central aid |date=26 November 2015 |newspaper=The Pioneer }}</ref>

== Early records ==

Haridwar is one of the four sites of Kumbh Mela, the others being [[Allahabad|Prayag]] (Allahabad), [[Trimbak]] (Nashik), and [[Ujjain]]. Although there are several references to riverside bathing festivals in ancient Indian literature, the exact age of the Kumbh Mela is uncertain.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The fair at Haridwar appears to be the original Kumbh Mela, since it is held according to the astrological sign ''Kumbha'' (Aquarius), and because there are several references to a 12-year cycle for it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008284_1_kumbh-mela-prayag-haridwar |title=Kumbh mela dates back to mid-19th century, shows research |date=2013-02-10 |newspaper=The Economic Times|author=Vikram Doctor }}</ref> The Haridwar Kumbh Mela dates at least from the early 1600s. The earliest extant texts that use the name "Kumbha Mela" are ''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' (1695) and ''[[Chahar Gulshan]]'' (1789). Both these texts use the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only Haridwar's fair, although they mention the similar fairs at Allahabad (the annual Magh Mela) and Nashik (the [[Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha|Simhastha]]).<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA32 |title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |chapter=The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions |author=James G. Lochtefeld |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |page=70 |isbn=9781134074594 }}</ref> The Kumbh Mela at the other three places seems to be an adaptation of Haridwar's Kumbh Mela to the pre-existing local festivals.{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=88}}

The Muslim conqueror [[Timur]] invaded Haridwar in 1398, and massacred a number of pilgrims, possibly at a Kumbh Mela.<ref name="Rai1993">{{cite book |author=Subas Rai |title=Kumbha Mela: History and Religion, Astronomy and Cosmobiology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqPXAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Ganga Kaveri |isbn=978-81-85694-01-6 |page=63 }}</ref>

== Mughal era ==

''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]'' (c. 1655) of [[Mohsin Fani]] mentions a battle at Haridwar between competing [[akhara]]s in 1640, possibly at a Kumbh Mela.<ref name="DL_1996"/><ref name="KAJ_2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA32 |title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |author=Knut A. Jacobsen |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |pages=32–34 |isbn=9781134074594 }}</ref>

The ''Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh'' (1695), mentions the mela in its description of the [[Delhi]] [[subah (country subdivision)|subah]] of the Mughal Empire. It states that every year when Sun entered Aries during [[Vaisakhi]], people from nearby rural areas would assemble at Haridwar. Once in 12 years, when the Sun entered Aquarius (Kumbh), people from far away would assemble at Haridwar. On this occasion, bathing in the river, giving [[alms]] and shaving hair would be considered as acts of merit. People would throw the bones of their dead into the river for their salvation of the deceased.<ref name="JS_1901">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp|title=India of Aurangzib |author=Jadunath Sarkar |publisher=Kinnera |date=1901 |pages=xv–xvi; 19–20 |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar }}</ref>

The ''Chahar Gulshan'' (1759) also states that the mela at Haridwar is held in the [[Vaisakha|Baisakh]] month when Jupiter enters Aquarius. It specifically mentions that the fair was called Kumbh Mela and that [[lakh]]s of laymen, [[fakir|faqirs]] and [[sanyasi]]s attended it. It states that the local sanyasis attacked the fakirs of Prayag who came to attend the mela.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp|title=India of Aurangzib |author=Jadunath Sarkar |publisher=Kinnera |date=1901 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp/page/n243 124] |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar }}</ref>

By the mid-18th century, the Haridwar Kumbh Mela had become a major commercial event in north-western India.<ref name="DL_1996">{{cite book |author=David Ludden |title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA154 |date=1 April 1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1585-4 |page=154 }}</ref>

== Maratha era ==

=== 1760: Massacre of Vaishnavites ===

The 1760 festival saw a violent clash between the [[Shaivite]] [[Gosains]] and the [[Vaishnavite]] Bairagis (ascetics). After the 1760 clash, the Vaishnavite sadhus were not allowed to bathe at Haridwar for years, until the British took control of the festival and disarmed the Saivites.<ref name="DB_1986"/> According to an 1808 account by [[East India Company]] geographer Captain Francis Raper, 18,000 Bairagis were killed in the 1760 clash. Raper stated this in context of stressing the importance of deploying security forces at the event.{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=24}} In 1888, the District Magistrate of Allahabad wrote that the number of deaths "must doubtless have been greatly exaggerated" by Raper.{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=61}} According to historian [[Michael Cook (historian)|Michael Cook]], the number could have been 1800.<ref name="Michael_2014">{{cite book |author=Michael Cook |title=Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpEpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |year=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5027-3 |page=236 }}</ref>

=== 1783: Cholera epidemic ===

A [[cholera]] epidemic broke out during the 1783 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dhiman Barua |author2=William B. Greenough III |title=Cholera |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4vSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4757-9688-9 |page=6 }}</ref> An estimated 1–2 million visitors attended the fair this year. Out of these, more than 20,000 died of cholera within the first eight days. The epidemic was confined to the Haridwar city and ended with the fair. The neighbouring village of Jwalapur (now a town), which was around 8 miles away from the city, did not see any cases of cholera.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Macpherson |title=Annals of Cholera: From the Earliest Periods to the Year 1817 |url=https://archive.org/details/b22301859 |year=1872 |publisher=Ranken |pages=[https://archive.org/details/b22301859/page/144 144]–145 }}</ref>

=== 1796: Massacre of the Shaivites ===

The first eyewitness British account of the Kumbh mela was an article by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in ''Asiatick Researches''. At this time, Haridwar was part of the Maratha territory. Based on a register of taxes collected from the pilgrims, Hardwicke estimated the scale of the mela at 2-2.5 million people. According to Hardwicke, the Shaivite Gosains were the most dominant, "in point of numbers and power". The next most powerful sect were the Vaishnavite Bairagis. The Gosains carried swords, shields and managed the entire Mela. Their [[mahant]]s held daily councils to hear and decide on all the complaints. The Gosains levied and collected the taxes, and did not remit any money to the Maratha treasury.<ref name="Thomas_1801">{{cite book |author=Thomas Hardwicke |title=Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur |url=https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_100716_narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999/narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999#page/n9/mode/2up |year=1801 |pages=314–319 }}</ref>

The [[Sikh]] contingent at the mela included a large number of [[Udasi]] ascetics, who were accompanied by around 12,000-14,000 [[Khalsa]] cavalrymen. The cavalry was led by Sahib Singh of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], Rai Singh Bhangi and Sher Singh Bhangi. The Sikh soldiers encamped at Jwalapur, while the Udasis chose a place close to the festival site for their camp. The Udasi chief erected their flag on the selected site, without taking permission from the Gosain mahant. Offended by this, the Gosains pulled down the Udasis' flag and drove them away. When Udasis resisted, the Gosains responded violently, and plundered the Udasi camp. The Udasi chief then complained to Sahib Singh. The three Sikh chiefs held a meeting, and sent a ''vakeel'' (agent) to the Gosain mahants, demanding retribution for the plundered material, plus free access to the river. The chief Mahant agreed to the Sikh demands, and there was no confrontation between the two groups over the next few days. However, at about 8 am on 10 April 1796 (the last day of the Mela), Sikhs attacked the Gosains and other non-Udasi pilgrims. Prior to this, they had moved the women and children in their camp to a village near Haridwar. The Sikhs killed around 500 Gosains, including Maunpuri, one of the mahants. Many drowned while crossing the river in an attempt to escape the massacre. The British Captain Murray, whose battalion was stationed at one of the ghats, sent two companies of sepoys to check the advance of Sikh cavalry. The Sikhs left by 3 pm; they had lost around 20 men in the clash. The next morning, the pilgrims offered prayers for the English, who they believed, had been instrumental in dispersing the Sikhs.<ref name="Thomas_1801"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |page=175 }}</ref><ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4936/11/11_chapter%203.pdf Relations with Other Misals]</ref>

== Company rule ==

In 1804, the Marathas ceded the [[Saharanpur district]] (of which Haridwar was a part at that time) to the [[East India Company]]. Before the [[Company rule in India|Company rule]], the Kumbh Mela at Haridwar was managed by the [[akhara]]s (sects) of Hindu ascetics known as the [[sadhu]]s. The Marathas taxed the vehicles and goods coming to all other melas, but during the Kumbh Mela, they temporarily transferred all the power to the akharas.<ref name="KP_1990">{{cite web |url=http://core.ac.uk/download/files/27/1336846.pdf |title=The British administration of Hinduism in North India, 1780–1900 |author=Katherine Prior |via=[[CORE (research service)|CORE]] |year=1990 |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223114045/http://core.ac.uk/download/files/27/1336846.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Sadhus were both traders and warriors. Besides collecting taxes, they also carried out policing and judicial duties. The Company administration severely limited the trader-warrior role of the Sadhus, who were increasingly reduced to begging.{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=57–58}}

; 1808 Kumbh Mela
: East India Company geographer Captain Francis Raper published an account of the 1806 Kumbh in ''Asiatick Researches''. To prevent a re-occurrence of the 1796 violence, an armed detachment of "greater strength than usual" was deployed.{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=23}} Maharaja Ranjit Singh was scheduled to visit the Kumbh in April 1808, and the Company deployed its Lahore envoy [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe]] to receive him at Haridwar. However, Singh cancelled his visit.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rajmohan Gandhi |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifs9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=978-93-83064-41-0 |page=122 |date=2013-09-14 }}</ref>

; 1814 Ardh Kumbh Mela
: Baptist missionary John Chamberlain, who was in the service of [[Begum Samru]] at [[Sardhana|Sirdhana]], preached at the 1814 Ardh Kumbh. He spent 14 days in Haridwar; for the first 4–5 days he attracted a few hundred Hindus. By the tenth day, his congregation had increased to at least 8 thousand.<ref name="Missionary_1817">{{cite book |title=Missionary Register |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdcnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36 |year=1817 |publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday |page=36 }}</ref> He preached in [[Hindi]], which according to him, both [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] speakers understood; but he had difficulty communicating with the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking Sikhs.{{sfn|Chamberlain|Yates|1826|pp=346-348}}
: Chamberlain mentioned that the fair was attended by "multitudes of every religious order", and that a number of visitors came there because of "mercantile considerations". He was particularly astonished to see a large number of [[Sikhs]], who according to him, outnumbered the Hindus. He also saw several Europeans, who came riding elephants for the novelty factor.{{sfn|Chamberlain|Yates|1826|pp=346-348}} According to the missionary records, an estimated 500,000 people assembled at Haridwar.<ref name="Missionary_1817"/>
: Secretary of Government Mr Ricketts complained to the Government about Chamberlain's preaching to the natives, fearing that it might result in trouble. The Government asked Begum Sumroo to dismiss Chamberlain from her service. The Begum made attempts to retain him, but finally, complied with the Government's demand.{{sfn|Chamberlain|Yates|1826|p=355}}

; 1820 Kumbh Mela
: A stampede left 430 dead during the 1820 mela. Subsequently, the Company government undertook extensive and expensive repair works on the bathing ghats. This move reportedly impressed the natives. The ''Asiatic Journal'' quotes one pilgrim as: "May your rule be blessed! May your reign extend for ages to come! You have produced a magnificent kumbh! You have turned the [[kali yuga]] into an age of truth and justice!".{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=61}}

== British Raj ==

[[File:Haridwar Kumbh Mela - 1850s.jpg|thumb|right|''Haridwar Kumbh Mela'' by the English painter [[J. M. W. Turner]]. Steel engraving, 1850s.]]

After the [[1857 uprising]], the East India Company was dissolved and its territories came under the control of British crown. British civil servant [[Robert Montgomery Martin]], in his book ''The Indian Empire'' (1858), remarked that "it is difficult to convey an adequate idea of the grandeur and beauty" of the Kumbh Mela at Haridwar. According to him, the visitors at the fair included people from a large number of races and regions. Besides priests, soldiers, and religious mendicants, the fair was attended by a large number of merchants: [[horse trading|horse traders]], elephant dealers, grain merchants ([[bania (caste)|bania]]s), confectioners ([[Halwai]]s), cloth merchants and toy sellers. The horse dealers came from as far as [[Bukhara]], [[Kabul]], [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]]. Besides horses and elephants, several other animals were sold at the fair, including "bears, leopards, tigers, deer of all kinds, monkeys, Persian greyhounds, beautiful cats, and rare birds". Europeans also sold their merchandise at the fair. The fair was also attended by the [[nautch|dancing girls]], who performed for the rich visitors.<ref name="RMM_1858">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/indianempirehist03martuoft#page/4/mode/2up |title=The Indian Empire |author=Robert Montgomery Martin |volume=3 |publisher=The London Printing and Publishing Company |year=1858 |pages=4–5 }}</ref>

Several Hindu [[raja]]s, Muslim [[Nawab]]s and the Sikh royals also visited the fair. [[Begum Samru]] of [[Sardhana]] would often come to the fair, with her retinue of 1,000 horse cavalry and 1,500 infantry. A few Christian missionaries also visited the Mela, and distributed copies of the Bible translated into "the various dialects of the East".<ref name="RMM_1858"/>

Martin mentions that the [[Brahmin]]s collected the taxes, but did not perform any sacerdotal role in the bathing rites, which were performed without any priestly ceremonies. He states that in the earlier years, a number of people died in stampedes as devotees rushed towards the river bank. However, the danger of stampedes had reduced since the government constructed a new [[ghat]] and widened the road leading to it.<ref name="RMM_1858"/>

The police and civil magistrates were deployed to maintain law and order. The [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|Sirmoor battalion]] of [[Gurkha]] soldiers from [[Dehradun]] was deployed to maintain peace.<ref name="RMM_1858"/>

=== 1867: Improved sanitation and traffic management ===

The pilgrim camp for the 1867 Mela was located a 9-mile strip of river-side land, and varied 2 to 6 miles in width at different places. According to a rough census of the pilgrim camp, taken on the night of 9 April 1867 by the British, the number of pilgrims was 2,855,966. The total number of pilgrims, including those who visited the camp before and after 9 April, was estimated at around 3 million.<ref name="Henry_1885">{{cite book |author=Henry Walter Bellew |title=The History of Cholera in India from 1862-1881 |url=https://archive.org/details/b21910091 |year=1885 |publisher=Trübner |pages=[https://archive.org/details/b21910091/page/n552 517]–519 }}</ref>

H.D. Robertson, the Magistrate of Saharanpur, led the Mela management. The administration strictly controlled the food supplies to prevent inflated prices, and ordered destruction of contaminated food to prevent outbreak of diseases.<ref name="KP_1990"/> The 1867 Kumbh Mela was the first fair to officially involve the sanitary department of the British Indian government. Native policemen were deployed to detect cases of infectious disease, which people hid to avoid being [[quarantined]] and isolated from their relatives. In accordance with the [[Contagious Diseases Acts]], the policemen also hunted down unregistered prostitutes and forced them to undergo medical tests. Public [[latrine]]s and trenches for waste disposal were introduced during the 1867 Mela. However, they were not very popular with the pilgrims, many of whom continued [[open defecation]] near the fair site and in the nearby woods. A number of policemen were assigned to the "conservancy" duty, which involved preventing people from defecating in the open, and herding them to latrines. Many pilgrims, especially women, would abstain from relieving themselves during their 2-3-day stay at the fair.<ref name="Biswa_2008">{{cite book |author1=Biswamoy Pati |author2=Mark Harrison |title=The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ktHKWRR5xAC&pg=PT68 |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-04259-3 |pages=68–71 }}</ref>

Like the previous Melas, cases of cholera were reported at the 1867 Mela, but an epidemic was prevented. On 9 April, a grass-cutter belonging to the [[14th Murray's Jat Lancers|14th Bengal Cavalry]]'s station near [[Kankhal]] suffered from cholera. He recovered quickly under treatment. On 13 April, 8 cases of cholera were reported at the pilgrim camp. By 15 April, the number of cases had increased to 19, but this was a small number compared to the 20,000 cholera-related deaths in 1783. While the sanitary conditions and waste disposal facilities had improved, the containment of a potential cholera epidemic can be attributed to the fact that the ceremonies were largely over by the time the disease broke out. Pilgrims had started departing on the noon of 12 April, and by 15 April, the campground was vacant.<ref name="Henry_1885"/> It is possible that several of the departing pilgrims had been infected, and disseminated the disease across northern India. In the subsequent Melas, there was a large number of cholera-related deaths.<ref name="RD_time_trends"/>

The 1867 Mela was also noted for improved traffic management. Special bridges were constructed to ensure a smooth flow of pilgrims from camps to the bathing ghat. Separate routes were designated for going to and return from the ghat, and a unidirectional traffic was maintained to avoid any stampede. For the first time, animals were not permitted in the town on the day of the ''shahi snan''. During the next Kumbh Mela in 1879, the traffic arrangements were further controlled. The pilgrims were "marshalled in orderly lines" by the police. During the 1885 Ardh Kumbh fair, the policemen set up entry barriers for the ghats, in order to avoid stampedes.<ref name="Biswa_2008"/>

=== Cholera outbreaks ===

{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ Cholera-related deaths at Kumbh Mela in Haridwar<ref name="RD_time_trends">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19328/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |title=Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview |author=R. Dasgupta |publisher=INFLIBNET |access-date=13 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>Banerjea AC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14888257 Note on cholera in the United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh)]. Indian J Med Res. 1951;39(1):17-40.</ref>
|-
! Year !! Mela !! Number of deaths
|-
| 1879 || Kumbh || 35,892
|-
| 1885 || Ardh Kumbh || 63,457
|-
| 1891 || Kumbh || 169,013
|-
| 1897 || Ardh Kumbh || 44,208
|-
| 1903 || Kumbh || 47,159
|-
| 1909 || Ardh Kumbh || 21,823
|-
| 1915 || Kumbh || 90,508
|-
| 1921 || Ardh Kumbh || 149,667
|-
| 1927 || Kumbh || 28,285
|-
| 1933 || Ardh Kumbh || 1,915
|-
| 1938 || Kumbh || 70,622
|-
| 1945 || Ardh Kumbh || 77,345
|}

The next few Kumbh Melas played a major role in the spread of [[cholera outbreaks and pandemics]]. Mass bathing, as well as the practice of pilgrims bringing back Ganges water (which was contaminated) for sipping by relatives, transmitted the disease widely. Although the [[Waldemar Haffkine]] developed a [[Cholera vaccine]], the British Indian government rejected the suggestions of compulsory vaccination for a long time, fearing possible public protests and political fallout. Following another cholera outbreak in 1945, compulsory cholera vaccinations were ordered at the 1945 Haridwar Kumbh Mela.<ref name="RD_time_trends"/>

; 1891 Kumbh Mela - dispersed due to cholera outbreak
: In 1891, a massive cholera outbreak in India resulted in 724,384 deaths.<ref name="GCK_2007">{{cite book |author=George C. Kohn |title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA173 |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2923-5 |page=173 }}</ref> The sanitation arrangements at the Mela were further improved. 332 policemen, including 126 constables and 206 ''chaukidar''s, were deployed on the "conservancy" duty of preventing people from defecating in the open.<ref name="Biswa_2008"/> However, a cholera epidemic broke out at the fair, and the Government of [[North-Western Provinces]] issued a ban on the fair to prevent its spread. More than 200,000 pilgrims were asked to leave the area, and the railway authorities were ordered not to issue tickets for Haridwar.<ref name="GCK_2007"/> At the end of the Mela, 169,013 cholera-related deaths had been reported in Haridwar.<ref name="RD_time_trends"/> In 1892, crowds at the Mahavaruni festival, another river-side fair, were also forcefully dispersed because of cholera concerns.{{sfn|Maclean|2008|p=82}} According to [[Leonard Rogers]], following the fair, this cholera epidemic spread to Europe via [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], Afghanistan, Persia, and southern Russia; resulting in the [[Sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923)]].<ref name="RD_time_trends"/><ref>Rogers, L. (1926). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1948673/ The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 19(Sect Epidemiol State Med), 59–93.</ref>
: The ''Gaurakshini sabha'', which led the [[cow protection movement]], had organized its second meeting at the Mela. The British government's dispersal of pilgrims displeased many orthodox Hindus, who saw it as an infringement of their religious practices.<ref name="GCK_2007"/><ref>{{cite book |author=John R. McLane |title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7023-3 |pages=298–299 }}</ref>

; 1915 Kumbh Mela
: Delegates of regional Hindu Sabhas established the All-India Hindu Sabha, which changed its name to [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] in 1921.<ref name="Prabhu_2010">{{cite book |author=Prabhu Bapu |title=Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC&pg=PA20 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-67165-1 |pages=17–20 }}</ref> [[Raj Darbhanga|Maharaja of Darbhanga]] [[Rameshwar Singh]] formed the All India Sanatan Dharma Sammelan.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lise McKean |title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OegOWaEeLgoC&pg=PA67 |date=15 May 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-56009-0 |page=67 }}</ref>

=== 1986 Kumbh Mela ===
Around forty-seven people were killed in a stampede on 14 April during the 1986 Kumbh Mela. For two hours, around 20,000 pilgrims had been waiting in a police cordon, to cross a bridge near Pant Dweep island to go to [[Har Ki Pauri]]. When some of them surged forward, the police resorted to a mild [[lathi charge]]. The stampede began when a person slipped near the Pant Dweep.<ref name="DB_1986">{{Cite journal |title=Life and Death at the Kumbh |journal=The Spectator |date=23 May 1986 |page=15 |first=Dhiren |last=Bhagat |url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/24th-may-1986/17/life-and-death-at-the-kumbh |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094318/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/24th-may-1986/17/life-and-death-at-the-kumbh |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref name="IT_Inderjit_1986" />

However, Inderjit Bhadwar of ''[[India Today]]'' praised the overall Mela arrangements, stating that Haridwar was "cleaner, and more sanitary than it has ever been". The administration, led by District Magistrate Arun Kumar Mishra, hired 5,000 sweepers to clean the 35&nbsp;km2 Mela area daily. Thousands of [[urinal]]s and [[outhouse]]s were constructed. The administration constructed 20 bridges and several temporary roads. Tented colonies were established and rented at a rate of 5 paise per square foot. Ten filtration wells were constructed and the water pumping capacity was raised to 69 million litres per day. The power capacity was doubled with 100&nbsp;km of electrical wiring and backup generators. Eighty new [[ration shop]]s and over a hundred milk booths were set up. Forty [[first aid]] stations with eighty-five doctors were established. 10,000 policemen, including commando units and intelligence squad, were deployed to maintain law and order.<ref name="IT_Inderjit_1986">{{cite journal |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kumbh-mela-in-hardwar-the-largest-single-religious-outpouring-of-humankind-in-the-world/1/348438.html |title=Kumbha Mela: Nectar of the Gods |author=Inderjit Bhadwar |journal=India Today |date=15 May 1986 }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=== 1998 Kumbh Mela ===
The Government of India used the Kumbh Mela to promote tourism. Newspaper ads described it as "a rare opportunity for a soul-purifying experience".{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2009|p=213}} The Mela featured luxury tent facilities offered by private businesses, restaurants, badminton courts, bonfire pits, whitewater rafting and a ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' display.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2009|p=256}}

=== 2010 Kumbh Mela ===
[[Haridwar]] hosted the Purna Kumbh mela from [[Makar Sankranti]] (14 January 2010) to ''Shakh Purnima Snan'' (28 April 2010). Millions of Hindu pilgrims attended the ''mela''. On 14 April 2010, alone approximately 10 million people bathed in the [[Ganges]] river.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/15/world/asia/15india.html|title=Taking a Sacred Plunge, One Wave of Humanity at a Time|last=Yardley|first=Jim|author2=Kumar,Hari |date=14 April 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref> According to officials by mid April about 40 million people had bathed since 14 January 2010.<ref name=AFP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100428161846/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jD7rnh8P4MtjMlNmzhcud7Xx47cw Millions dip in Ganges at world's biggest festival], [[Agence France-Presse]], 13 April 2010</ref> Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival which is thought to be the largest religious gathering in the world.<ref name=AFP/><ref>[https://montrealgazette.com/travel/Foreigners+join+huge+crowds+India+holy+river+festival/2905300/story.html Foreigners join huge crowds at India’s holy river festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702170639/http://www.montrealgazette.com/travel/Foreigners+join+huge+crowds+India+holy+river+festival/2905300/story.html |date=2 July 2010 }}, [[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]], 14 April 2010</ref> To accommodate the large number of pilgrims [[Indian Railways]] ran special trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-11/lucknow/28126686_1_clear-extra-rush-return-direction-special-trains|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-11/lucknow/28126686_1_clear-extra-rush-return-direction-special-trains|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=More trains during Kumbh Mela|date=11 April 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 April 2010}}</ref> At least 5 people died in a stampede after clashes between holy men and devotees.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8619088.stm Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival], [[BBC]], 14 April 2010</ref>

[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] took satellite pictures of the crowds with the hope of improving the conduct of the festival in the future.<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/news/607662_ISRO-taking-satellite-pictures-of-Mahakumbh-mela ISRO taking satellite pictures of MahaKumbh mela], [[Press Trust of India]], 13 April 2010</ref>

Despite environmental improvements, the MahaKumbh mela remained a highly unsanitary event.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma |first1=Vijay |last2=Bhadula |first2=Sushil |last3=Joshi |first3=B. D. |year=2012 |journal=Nature and Science |title=Impact of Mass Bathing on water quality of Ganga River during Maha Kumbh-2010 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1–5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267811654 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Madan |first1=S. |last2=Pallavi |year=2010 |title=Assessment of noise pollution in Haridwar city of Uttarakhand State, India during Kumbh Mela 2010 and its impact on human health |journal=Journal of Applied and Natural Science |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=293–295 |url=http://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/download/137/116 |doi=10.31018/jans.v2i2.137 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sridhar |first1=Shruti |last2=Gautret |first2=Philippe |last3=Brouqui |first3=Philippe |year=2015 |title=A comprehensive review of the Kumbh Mela: identifying risks for spread of infectious diseases |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection
|volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.021 |pmid=25682278 |pmc=7128512 }}</ref>

=== 2021 Kumbh Mela ===
The 2021 Haridwar Kumbh Mela was held during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID pandemic]], leading to concerns that large crowds would contribute to the rise in COVID cases, making it a [[super spreader]] event. The government refused to cancel or cut short the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kumbh-mela-may-end-today-say-sources-amid-criticism-covid-19-concerns-2413544|title=Kumbh Mela Will Not Be Cut Short, Say Officials|website=NDTV|date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/14/super-spreader-over-1000-covid-positive-at-indias-kumbh-mela |title='Super-spreader': Over 1,000 COVID positive at India's Kumbh Mela |website=Al Jazeera News |date=14 April 2021}}</ref> On 5 April 2021, government officials expressed concern that the event might become a superspreader.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/kumbh-might-become-covid-19-super-spreader-central-govt-official-expresses-apprehension-at-review-meet20210406142730/ |title=Kumbh might become COVID-19 'super spreader': Central govt official expresses apprehension at review meet |first1=Ashoke |last1=Raj |date=6 April 2021 |work=[[ANI News]]}}</ref><ref name=science.thewire-23Apr21>{{cite news |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/leaders-listened-to-astrologers-so-haridwar-mela-happened-after-11-years-not-12/ |title=Leaders Listened to Astrologers, so Haridwar Mela Happened After 11 Years, Not 12 |date=23 April 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)]]}}</ref> When this was reported in the press, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] responded with a tweet that it was "fake news".<ref name=science.thewire-23Apr21/>

The Union Health Ministry issued a list of Standard Operating Procedures to prevent the spread of COVID during the event, including a mandatory negative RT-PCR test report for the attendees.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Negative-RT-PCR-test-report-mandatory-to-enter-Kumbh-Mela%3b-Health-Ministry-issues-guidelines-to-prevent-Corona-in-Mela&id=414021 |title=Negative RT-PCR test report mandatory to enter Kumbh Mela; Health Ministry issues guidelines to prevent Corona in Mela |publisher=All India Radio |date=2021-04-13}}</ref> However, many attendees refused to follow the guidelines, refusing to wear masks or practice social distancing.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kumbh-mela-thousands-flout-covid-19-norms-take-dip-in-ganga-amid-virus-surge-11618220391507.html |title=Kumbh Mela: Thousands flout Covid-19 norms, take dip in Ganga amid virus surge |publisher=Mint |date=2021-04-12 }}</ref>

On 14 April 2021, 943,452 people took a holy dip in the River Ganges.<ref name=timesofindia-16Apr21>{{cite news |title=Covid at Kumbh Mela: Top seer dies, Niranjani Akhada announces exit — Key developments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-at-maha-kumbh-mela-top-seer-dies-niranjani-akhada-announces-exithighlights/articleshow/82095684.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=16 April 2021 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> Between 5 and 15 April 2021, 68 seers in Haridwar tested positive for COVID-19.<ref name=timesofindia-16Apr21/> During 10–14 April, 1701 attendees tested positive for COVID.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/1701-covid-19-cases-detected-at-haridwar-kumbh-mela-in-past-5-days-1791279-2021-04-15 |title=1,701 Covid-19 cases detected at Haridwar Kumbh Mela in past 5 days |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/2167-positive-covid-19-cases-in-haridwar-in-last-five-days-kumbh-mela-to-continue/articleshow/82084770.cms |title=2,167 positive COVID-19 cases in Haridwar in last five days; Kumbh Mela to continue |work=Economic Times |date=15 April 2021}} 10 April: 254, 11 April: 386, 12 April: 408: 13 April: 594, 14 April: 525</ref> An unnamed senior Uttarakhand official said: "It is already a [[superspreader event|super-spreader]] because there is no space to test hundreds of thousands in a crammed city and the government neither has the facilities nor the manpower".<ref name=aljazeera-14Apr21>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/14/super-spreader-over-1000-covid-positive-at-indias-kumbh-mela |title='Super-spreader': Over 1,000 COVID positive at India's Kumbh Mela |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/super-spreader-erupts-devout-hindus-throng-indian-festival-2021-04-14/ |title='Super-spreader' erupts as devout Hindus throng Indian festival |first1=Neha |last1=Arora |first2=Anushree |last2=Fadnavis |date=14 April 2021 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Mahamandaleshwar Kapil Dev Das, head of one of the Hindu akhadas, or ascetic councils, died on 15 April 2021 from COVID-19.<ref name=timesofindia-16Apr21/><ref>{{cite news |date=16 April 2021|first1=Neelam |last1=Pandey |first2=Simrin |last2=Sirur|url=https://theprint.in/india/kumbh-mela-to-be-suspended-akharas-in-talks-as-covid-tally-rises-top-seer-dies-bjp-nudges/640865/ |work=[[ThePrint]] |title=Kumbh Mela to be suspended? Akharas in talks as Covid tally rises, top seer dies, BJP 'nudges' |access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=science.thewire-23Apr21/> According to a report from Madhya Pradesh, 59 out 60 of Kumbh Mela returnees from Haridwar had tested positive for COVID-19 and 22 pilgrims could not be traced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh: 99% 'Kumbh returnees' test positive for COVID-19; 22 pilgrims untraced |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/madhya-pradesh-99-kumbh-returnees-test-positive-for-covid-19-22-pilgrims-untraced/751901 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Niranjani Akhara]] withdrew from the Shahi Snan scheduled on 27 April due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand|rising COVID cases in Uttarakhand.]]<ref name=":0" /> After a number of sadhus tested positive, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] appealed through the telephonic call with Acharya Mahamandleshwar Swami Avdheshanand Giri, of the oldest and largest [[Akhara#Foundation dates of martial akharas|Juna Akhara]], and to the attendees to keep the Kumbh Mela symbolic. After which, within just a few hours of the call with PM, Swami Avdheshanand Giri announced the closure of Kumbh Mela, giving respect to the PM's appeal and with a belief that saving lives is a holy deed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Apr 17, 2021|title=PM Modi: Kumbh Mela should now only be symbolic: PM Modi appeals Swami Avdheshanand {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-live-kumbh-mela-should-now-only-be-symbolic-pm-appeals-swami-avdheshanand/articleshow/82112187.cms|access-date=2021-04-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Meghna|date=2021-04-17|title=PM Modi says 'Kumbh Mela should now only be symbolic to strengthen Covid fight'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-says-kumbh-mela-should-now-only-be-symbolic-to-strengthen-covid-19-fight-11618630984604.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-17|title=Let Kumbh Mela Be Symbolic Given Covid Situation, Says Prime Minister Narendra Modi|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/let-kumbh-mela-be-symbolic-given-covid-situation-says-prime-minister-narendra-modi-3648572.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM calls Acharya Mahamandaleshwar Poojya Swamy Avdheshanand Giri Ji|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1712368|access-date=2021-07-26|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Normally, Kumbh Mela lasts four months; Kumbh Mela at Haridwar had been limited to 30 days in April 2021.<ref name=timesofindia-16Apr21/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* कुम्भ मेला और साधु समागम- अमरत्व की खोज : बद्री नारायण एवं केदार नारायण - पिल्ग्रिम्स पब्लिशिंग्स, (भारत)  2010, {{ISBN|978-81-7769-917-3}}
* Kumbh Mela and The Sadhus – The Quest for Immortality; Authors: Badri Narain and Kedar Narain, PILGRIMS PUBLISHINGS, (INDIA) 2010, {{ISBN|978-81-7769-805-3}}
* {{cite book |author1-first=John |author1-last=Chamberlain |author2-first=William |author2-last=Yates |title=Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsmrjohnch00yategoog |year=1826 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press }}
* {{cite book |first=James |last=Lochtefeld |title=Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1L99XsB1gkC&pg=PA213 |date=28 December 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974158-8 }}
* {{cite book |first=Kama |last=Maclean |title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA5 |year=2008 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533894-2 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kumbh Mela in Haridwar}}
* {{Official website|http://www.kumbhmelaharidwar.in/}}

[[Category:Kumbh Mela]]
[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:March observances]]
[[Category:April observances]]

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