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Editing Ian Frazer

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{{Short description|Scottish-born Australian immunologist}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name                    = Ian Hector Frazer
|honorific_suffix = [[Companion of the Order of Australia|AC]] [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|FRCPE]] [[Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia|FRCPA]] [[Australian Academy of Science|FAA]] [[Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering|FTSE]]
| birth_date              = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|1|6}}
| birth_place             = [[Glasgow]], Scotland

| citizenship =
| image = Ian Frazer portrait.jpg
| ethnicity =
| nationality = Australian, British
| field = Immunology
| work_institution = [[Translational Research Institute (Australia)|Translational Research Institute]], [[University of Queensland]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]), ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]]); [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]]; [[University of Melbourne]] ([[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]])
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = HPV vaccine creation
| prizes = [[Australian of the Year]] (2006), [[Prime Minister's Prize for Science]] (2008), [[Australian Living Treasure]] (2012), [[Companion of the Order of Australia]] (2012)
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ian Hector Frazer''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AC}} (born 6 January 1953) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and [[Executive Director|Director of Research]] of the [[Translational Research Institute (Australia)]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri/tri-staff/tri-executive |title= TRI Executive |publisher= [[Translational Research Institute (Australia)|Translational Research Institute]] |access-date= 8 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130409073421/http://tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri/tri-staff/tri-executive |archive-date= 9 April 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Frazer and [[Jian Zhou]] developed and patented the basic technology behind the [[HPV vaccine]] against [[cervical cancer]] at the [[University of Queensland]]. Researchers at the [[National Cancer Institute]], [[Georgetown University]], and [[University of Rochester]] also contributed to the further development of the cervical cancer vaccine in parallel.<ref>{{cite journal | author = McNeil C | title = Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines? | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | page = 433 | date = April 2006 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djj144 | pmid = 16595773 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>King, Madonna (2013). Ian Frazer: The man who saved a million lives. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. {{ISBN|9780702249570}}.</ref>

== Education==
Frazer was born in [[Glasgow]], Scotland. His parents were medical scientists,<ref name="heads">
{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/talkingheads/txt/s1674348.htm |title= Professor Ian Frazer |work=Talking Heads |publisher= abc.net.au |access-date=29 May 2010 |last= Thompson |first= Peter }}</ref> and he was drawn to science from a young age.<ref name="et">{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1871847.htm |title= Meeting Ian Frazer |work= Catalyst |publisher= ABC |access-date= 29 May 2010 |author= Belinda Gibbon (program producer) |date= 15 March 2007 }}</ref>

Frazer attended Aberdeen private school [[Robert Gordon's College]].<ref name="heads"/> He chose to pursue [[medicine]] over an earlier interest in [[physics]] due to physics having fewer research opportunities,<ref name="AA1">{{cite web |url= http://www.science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/if.html#1 |publisher= [[Australian Academy of Science]] |title= Professor Ian Frazer |work= Interviews with Australian scientists |year= 2008 |last= Williams |first= Robyn |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110305021729/http://science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/if.html#1 |archive-date= 5 March 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> and he received his [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]], at the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1974 and 1977 respectively. It was during this time that he met his wife Caroline, whom he married in 1976. His 1978–79 [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] was in the [[Eastern General Hospital|Edinburgh Eastern General Hospital]], the [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]] and the [[East Lothian Community Hospital|Roodlands General Hospital]] in [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]].

In 1980/81 Frazer [[Immigration|immigrated]] to [[Melbourne]] after he was headhunted by Dr. Ian Mackay at the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]]<ref name="emigrate">{{cite web |title= Ian Frazer |publisher= Ri Aus |access-date= 29 May 2010 |url= http://www.riaus.org.au/science/people/healthcare_medicine/ian_frazer.jsp |quote= Eighty per cent of Australian secondary schoolgirls have been vaccinated with Gardasil |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100210064545/http://www.riaus.org.au/science/people/healthcare_medicine/ian_frazer.jsp |archive-date= 10 February 2010 |url-status= dead }}</ref> to research viral [[immunology]]. In 1981 he discovered that the [[immunodeficiency]] afflicting homosexuals in San Francisco was also found in the gay men in his [[hepatitis B]] study, and in 1984 helped to confirm that [[HIV#Discovery|HIV was a cause]].<ref name="GGtW"/> It was also found that another [[Sexually transmitted disease#Viral|sexually transmitted virus]] was having a surprising effect: the [[human papilloma virus|human papilloma virus (HPV)]] infection seemed to be inducing [[precancerous cells]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1= I. H. |last1= Frazer |first2= R. M. |last2= Crapper |first3= G. |last3= Medley |first4= T. C. |last4= Brown |first5= I. R. |last5= Mackay |date= 20 September 1986 |journal= The Lancet |volume= 328 |issue= 8508 |pages= 657–660 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90168-6 |pmid= 2876137 |title= Association between anorectal dysplasia, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men |s2cid= 34973455 }}</ref>

In 1985 he moved to the University of Queensland as a [[Senior Lecturer]], with the opportunity to establish his own [[research laboratory]]. It was here in the [[Lions Clubs International#Focus of Lions|Lions]] Human Immunology Laboratories he continued to research HPV in men, and contributed to [[HIV]] research.<ref>
{{Cite journal|title= Influence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing on sexual behaviour in a "high-risk" population from a "low-risk" city |publisher= Lions Human Immunology Laboratories, University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba. |date= 3 October 1988 |first= I. H. |last= Frazer |author2=McCamish M |author3=Hay I |author4=North P. |pmid= 3173194 |volume=149 |pages=365–8 |journal=Med J Aust|issue= 7 |doi= 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120670.x |s2cid= 29026390 }}
</ref> During this time Frazer also taught at the university and ran [[diagnostic test]]s for the [[Princess Alexandra Hospital (Brisbane)|Princess Alexandra Hospital]] and<ref name="heads"/> received his [[Doctor of Medicine]] qualification in 1988.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |url= http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer |title= A hero of women and science |publisher= Diamantina Institute at The University of Queensland |quote= Ian Frazer was set for a career in physics when a chance encounter with an immunologist, the father of his [[pen-friend]]s girlfriend, changed his course. |access-date= 14 September 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050543/http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer |archive-date= 14 April 2009 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Breakthrough  ==

On a 1989 [[sabbatical]] he met [[virologist]] [[Jian Zhou]], and the two considered the problem of developing a vaccine for HPV – a virus that cannot be [[Cell culture|cultured]] without living tissue.<ref>
{{cite book |title= Human Papillomaviruses: Clinical and Scientific Advances |editor-last= Sterling |isbn= 978-0-340-74215-0 |publisher= Hodder Arnold |location= London |chapter = 1 |date=August 2001 |editor-first= J. C.}}
</ref> Frazer convinced Zhou to join him, and in 1990 they began to use [[molecular biology]] to synthesize particles [[in vitro]] that could mimic the virus. In March 1991 Zhou's wife and fellow researcher, [[Xiao-Yi Sun]],<ref name= "GGtW">
{{cite journal |last= Whittaker |first= M. |date= 4 March 2006 |title= God's Gift to Women |journal= The Weekend Australian Magazine |quote= 'Ian went to huge efforts and he got them [[Visa (document)|visas]] to Australia,' recalls [[Margaret Stanley (virologist)|Margaret Stanley]]. 'It says a lot about Ian. If anything should come over in your article, it's that Ian is an extremely kind man.'}}</ref> assembled by Zhou's instructions<ref>''Vaccines Forgotten Man'' [www.theaustralian.com.au/news/tribute-to-vaccines-forgotten-man-story-e6frg600-1111116233989]</ref> two [[L1 family|proteins]] into a [[virus-like particle|virus-like particle (VLP)]],<ref name= "RD">{{cite journal |last= Williams |first= L. |date=August 2006 |title= A Simple Idea |journal= [[Reader's Digest]] }}</ref> resembling the HPV shell, from which [[HPV vaccine]] would ultimately be made.<ref name="et" /> The vaccine completely protects [[viral infection|unexposed]] women against four HPV strains [[oncovirus|responsible for]] 70% of [[Cervix|cervical]] cancers,<ref name=ref001>
{{cite journal |journal= [[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |url= http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/19/1991 |volume= 356 |issue= 19 |date= 10 May 2007 |title= HPV Vaccination – More Answers, More Questions |doi= 10.1056/NEJMe078088 |pmid= 17494932 |quote= Previous reports showed a remarkable 100% efficacy of a quadrivalent vaccine targeting HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 on outcomes related to vaccine HPV types in women with no evidence of previous exposure to those types [...] subgroups of subjects with no evidence of previous exposure to relevant vaccine HPV types were evaluated separately for vaccine efficacy. In these subgroups, efficacy of nearly 100% against all grades of cervical [[Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia|intraepithelial neoplasia]] and [[adenocarcinoma]] [[Carcinoma in situ|in situ]] related to vaccine HPV types was reported [...] Why is vaccine efficacy modest in the entire cohort? One factor is the apparent lack of efficacy among subjects with evidence of previous exposure to HPV types included in the vaccine. The FUTURE II trial showed no effect of vaccination |last1= Sawaya |first1= G. F. |last2= Smith-McCune |first2= Karen |pages= 1990–1991 |access-date= 30 May 2010 |archive-date= 4 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100104113447/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/19/1991 |url-status= live }}
</ref><ref name=ref002>

{{cite journal |journal= [[The Courier-Mail]] |title= UQ Team Defeats Cervical Cancer |date=9 October 2005 |last1= Walker |last2= J. |quote= Ian Frazer’s break-through vaccine is 100 per cent effective against the most common form of the virus that causes cervical cancer, according to final-stage trial results [...] a delighted Professor Frazer, 52, said last night: 'It is very rare, almost unheard of, to achieve a 100 per cent efficacy rate in any treatment, so these results are truly wonderful.' }}

</ref> which kill [[Cervical cancer#Epidemiology|about 250,000 women annually]].<ref name="ref003">
Estimates of the contemporary global mortality rate have remained in the 190,000 to 300,000 range from 2000 to 2010. [https://www.who.int/phi/B120_35_Add1-en.pdf The 2007 WHO progress report] says that preventable cervical cancer "''was responsible in 2005 for up to 500,000 new cases, and up to 257,000 deaths, more than 90% in low- and middle-income countries''", but,『''According to WHO’s projections, deaths from cervical cancer will rise to 320,000 in 2015 and to 435,000 in 2030''』(p.4). These projections may be little effected by vaccination programs (anyway unlikely on cost grounds) because "''A reduction in cancer incidence and mortality might not be measurable before 10 to 30 years after the vaccine is introduced.''" (p.5). Other estimates of the problem's scale are broadly in agreement:

* {{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=F.|date=25 January 2006|title=UQ Australian of the Year Will Continue Fight for Women's Health|journal=UQ News|quote=Professor Frazer said Australia and other [[developed nation]]s had effective Pap smear programs to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. 'Despite this, cervical cancer continues to be a shocking disease for women in the developed world. Women living in poverty in the developing world, where Pap smears are not widely available, account for most of the 250,000 deaths from cervical cancer each year. So this vaccine has the potential to do most good in the developing world, where it could help lift women out of [[poverty]] by relieving the burden of disease}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/talkingheads/txt/s1674348.htm|title=Transcripts – Professor Ian Frazer|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=29 May 2010|quote=Ian Frazer was made Australian of the Year in 2006. He and his team at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane have developed a vaccine to beat cervical cancers that kill 250,000 women a year worldwide.}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.cervicalcancer.org/statistics.html|title=Cervical Cancer Statistics|date=2 March 2007|publisher=CervicalCancer.org|access-date=29 May 2010|quote=A woman dies of cervical cancer approximately every 2 minutes. In less developed countries, this type of cancer is the second most common in women and accounts for up to 300,000 annual deaths.|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064250/http://www.cervicalcancer.org/statistics.html|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref name="Newsweek">

{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/03/14/message-in-a-bottle.html |title= '''Message in a Bottle''' The subtle ads for drug giant Glaxo's new cervical-cancer drugs have people talking. |quote= [[Cervarix]] may also protect against [[viral strain|other types]] that cause cervical cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this. ... [[GlaxoSmithKline]]'s] estimate of the prevalence of cervical cancer in United States roughly matches the [[National Cancer Institute]]'s statistics. But according to the [[World Health Organization]], the disease is far more common in [[developing countries]], which account for 80 percent of the annual cases worldwide and about 190,000 deaths a year (compared to about 4,000 deaths in United States). |publisher= [[Newsweek]] |access-date=29 May 2010 |last= Kantrowitz |date= 15 March 2010 |first= Barbara }} 

</ref> Frazer and Zhou filed a [[provisional patent]] in June 1991 and began work on developing the vaccine within UQ. To finance clinical trials, Australian medical company [[CSL Limited|CSL]], and later [[Merck & Co.|Merck]], were sold partial patents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1= Huanhuan |last2= Wang |first2= Danhong |date= 22 October 2007 |title= An interview with Jian Zhou's wife, Dr. Xiaoyi Sun |journal= Science Times |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/2670487/Zhou-Jian2 }}</ref> (CSL has the exclusive license to sell Gardasil in New Zealand and Australia, Merck the license elsewhere.)<ref name="PRWatch">{{cite web|url=http://www.prwatch.org/node/6263/print |title=Profit Knows No Borders, Selling Gardasil to the Rest of the World |publisher=[[Center for Media and Democracy]] |last=Siers-Poisson |date=18 July 2007 |quote=The federal government will also cover young women who are not in school and are still under 27 years through their [[general practitioner]]s and community immunization clinics. This age group will receive the vaccine free from July 2007, until the end of June 2009. |first=Judith |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624010732/http://www.prwatch.org/node/6263/print |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> [[GlaxoSmithKline]] independently used the same VLP-approach to develop [[Cervarix]], under a later US patent, licensing Frazer's [[intellectual property]] in 2005.<ref name="life">{{cite web|quote=Jian Zhou died in 1999, but he was an equal partner |url=http://www.lifescientist.com.au/article/161373/ian_frazer_patent_problem/? |title=Ian Frazer's patent problem |work=Australian Life Scientist |last=Beran |first=Ruth |date=21 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092450/http://www.lifescientist.com.au/article/161373/ian_frazer_patent_problem/ |archive-date=6 April 2012 }}</ref>

Later in 1991 the research was presented at a US scientific meeting, and Frazer became Director of the Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research at the University of Queensland (later renamed [[The Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine]], where he held a personal chair as director). After three years in design, [[Gardasil]] went into testing, and Frazer became a [[professor]] in the university's Department of Medicine. In 1998 Frazer completed the first [[Drug trial|human trials]] for Gardasil, and became an [[Australian nationality law#Registration and Naturalisation as an Australian Citizen|Australian citizen]].<ref name="heads"/><ref name= "RD"/>

==Pioneer Patent for VLPs and the HPV vaccine==

US. 7,476,389, titled ''"Papilloma Virus Vaccines"'', was granted to co-inventors Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou (posthumously) on 13 January 2009. Its U.S. application was filed on 19 January 1994, but claimed priority under a 20 July 1992 PCT filing to the date of an initial [AU] Australian patent application filed on 19 July 1991.

==Celebrity==

In 2006 results from the four-year [[Clinical trial#Phase III|Phase III trials]] led to Australian and [[Center for Drug Evaluation and Research|US]] regulatory approval.<ref name= "RD"/> Frazer's studies showed 100% efficacious protective immunity in HPV naïve women, but could not directly test protective immunity (against HPV exposure) in adolescent girls. As a surrogate test, [[antibody titer]] levels in vaccinated 9 to 15-year-old girls was shown high enough to give them the same level of immunity as vaccinated women.<ref>
{{cite journal |journal= International Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=11 |date=November 2007 |title= Correlating immunity with protection for HPV infection |publisher= Elsevier |last1= Frazer |first1= I. |quote= with no breakthrough HPV infections due to waning immunity, the minimum protective anti-HPV antibody level could not be ascertained. Nevertheless, antibody titer has been used as a surrogate marker of protection in clinical trials, particularly in adolescent populations in whom efficacy studies are not feasible. |doi=10.1016/s1201-9712(07)60016-2 |pmid=18162240 |pages=S10–S16|doi-access= free }} (The 100% efficacious immunity is against HPV 16 and 18-related cervical cancer indicators.)
</ref> It has been suggested that one way to bring cheaper equivalent vaccines to market is to mandate a similar ''induced immune response''.<ref>
{{cite journal |journal= [[American Journal of Law & Medicine]] |volume=35 |url= http://www.med4all.org/fileadmin/med/pdf/2_Crager_Formatted_June3_HPV-Impfung.pdf |year= 2009 |title= University Contributions to the HPV Vaccine and Implications for Access to Vaccines in Developing Countries |last1= Crager |first2= E. |last2= Guillen |first3= M. |last3= Price |first1= S. E. |issue=2–3 |pages=253–79 |quote= Evaluating the ability of a vaccine to induce a specific immune response is far less complex, less costly, and less time-consuming, than performing clinical trials to assess the ability of the vaccine to confer protective immunity. |doi=10.1177/009885880903500202 |pmid=19697749 |s2cid=10603131 }}</ref>

Frazer administered the first official HPV-vaccination,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/one-small-jab-but-a-giant-leap-for-womankind/2006/08/28/1156617275315.html |title= One small jab, but a giant leap for womankind |work= [[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date= 9 September 2006 |last= Pollard |first= Ruth |quote= It will mean a 70 per cent reduction in abnormal [[pap smear]]s, and in parts of the world where there are no pap smears, a 70 per cent reduction in cervical cancer." |access-date= 8 September 2006 |archive-date= 5 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064309/https://www.smh.com.au/national/one-small-jab-but-a-giant-leap-for-womankind-20060829-gdoa05.html |url-status= live }}</ref> and was made 2006 [[Queensland Day#Queenslander of the Year|Queenslander of the Year]] and [[Australian of the Year]].<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page58.asp | title=Australian of the Year Awards – Australian of the Year 2006 | publisher=australianoftheyear.org.au | quote=Ian embodies Australian know-how, determination and innovation | access-date=28 May 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501132859/http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page58.asp | archive-date=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Lewis, Wendy |title= Australians of the Year |publisher= Pier 9 Press |year= 2010 |isbn= 978-1-74196-809-5 |author-link= Wendy Lewis }}</ref>

In the 2007 resolution of their [[Patent law in the United States|US patent lawsuit]], Frazer's and Jian Zhou's heirs (Zhou, who died in 1999, was survived by his widow Xiao-Yi Sun and a son Andreas) world-wide rights to the fundamental VLP science, and Frazer's and Zhou's priority to invention of that fundamental VLP science, were both established.<ref name= "AA1"/><ref name= "life"/>
 
After 2009 reports of adverse Gardasil reactions, Frazer said "Apart from a very, very rare instance where you get an [[allergic reaction]] from the vaccine, which is about one in a million, there is nothing else that can be directly attributable to the vaccine."<ref>
{{cite journal |journal= [[The Courier-Mail]] |location= Brisbane |publisher= [[Queensland Newspapers]] 
|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/ian-frazer-defends-cervical-cancer-vaccine-gardasil/story-e6freoof-1225764030807?from=public_rss |title=Ian Frazer defends cervical cancer vaccine Gardasil |access-date=29 May 2010 |date=20 September 2009 |last1= Crawford |last2= Elsworth |first1= C. |first2= S. |quote= "For 23 million doses that have been given out, we received 12,424 reports of adverse events", [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] study author Barbara Slade said. [...] Of the adverse reports in the US, 772 cases were considered serious }}
</ref> Ian Frazer is one of the "most trusted" Australians, and some critics have accused Gardasil's advocates of exploiting [[patriotism]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786&page=2 |title= The Gardasil 'miracle' coming undone? |page= 2 |date= 21 September 2008 |work= [[On Line Opinion]], Australia's e-journal of social and political debate |access-date= 29 May 2010 |last= Klein |first= Renate |quote= Frazer:『God’s Gift to Women』proclaimed the cover of [[The Weekend Australian]]'s magazine [...] In Australia, critics are almost perceived as [[betrayal|national traitors]] |archive-date= 5 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064311/https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786&page=2 |url-status= live }}</ref> to promote its rapid Australian release.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786&page=1 |title= The Gardasil 'miracle' coming undone? |page= 1 |last= Klein |first= Renate |quote= It was only on 23–24 February 2008 that the Victorian Cytology Service ran a job advertisement for a 'newly created position' to 'help establish and operate the new National HPV Vaccination Program' (''[[The Australian]]'', 23–24 February 2008). That’s 11 months after thousands of school girls had already received the jab. |access-date= 30 May 2010 |archive-date= 17 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091017041247/http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786 |url-status= live }}</ref> ([[Australian federal government|Australia's government]] had the world's most generous coverage for the drug, though it is the nation with the lowest cervical cancer mortality.)<ref name="PRWatch"/>

==Personal==

Ian Frazer lives in [[Brisbane, Australia]] with his wife Caroline. As of 2010, two of his sons are medical students and the third is a [[veterinary scientist]].<ref name="Govprofile"/>

==Awards and honours==

In 1999 Frazer received the [[Australian Biotechnology Award]], and has since received more than twenty awards for science:
<ref name="Govprofile">{{cite web |quote= 'What is the most unusual or fun thing you've done in your job?' Being Australian of the Year and carrying the [[Commonwealth Games]] torch around Darling Harbour on a boat on Australia Day |url=http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15044 |title= Queensland scientist profiles > Ian Frazer |publisher= Queensland Government |access-date=29 May 2010 |date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513161653/http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15044|archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> 
*1999: Business/Higher Education Round Table award for Collaborative Research 
*2003: Centenary Medal for services to cancer research<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer |title=Selected awards |publisher=di.uq.edu.au |access-date=29 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050543/http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer |archive-date=14 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
*2005: [[John Curtin Medal]]
*2005: [[CSIRO]] Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csiro.com/news/Research-Wins-Eureka.html |title=Cervical cancer vaccine research wins CSIRO Eureka Prize (Media Release) |publisher=csiro.com |date=10 September 2005 |access-date=29 May 2010 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064307/https://www.csiro.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
*2006: Distinguished Fellowship Award, [[Royal College of Pathologists]]
*2006: Queenslander of the Year / Australian of the Year
*2006: [[William B. Coley Award]] (with [[Harald zur Hausen]])<ref name="emigrate"/> 
*2007: [[Novartis Prize for Clinical Immunology]], Rio de Janeiro
*2007: Golden Plate Award, American [[Academy of Achievement]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2007: [[International Life Award]] for Scientific Research
*2007: Clunies Ross Award, [[Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering]]
*2007: [[Howard Florey Institute|Howard Florey Medal for Medical Research]] 
*2008: [[Prime Minister's Prize for Science]]<ref name="first">{{cite web |url=http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer |title=Profile on Professor Ian Frazer – Diamantina Institute at The University of Queensland |publisher=di.uq.edu.au |access-date=29 May 2010 |quote= For his creation of the first vaccine designed to protect against a cancer, Ian Frazer receives the Prime Ministers Prize for Science. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050543/http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer |archive-date=14 April 2009}}</ref> 
*2008: [[Balzan Prize]] for [[Preventive Medicine]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balzan.org/en/lectures-and-symposia_1703.html |title=International Balzan Prize Foundation: The Balzan Forum 2008 at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei |publisher=balzan.org |access-date=29 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828104230/http://www.balzan.org/en/lectures-and-symposia_1703.html |archive-date=28 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
*2008: [[Ramaciotti Medal]]
*2008: [[American Academy of Dermatology]] Lila Gruber Award for Dermatology
*2009: [[Australian Medical Association]] Gold Medal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ama.com.au/node/4721 |title=Ian Frazer wins AMA gold medal for work on cervical cancer vaccines |publisher=Australian Medical Association |access-date=29 May 2010 |date=31 May 2009 |quote=Through the development of vaccines, Ian has helped protect the lives of countless women |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208061118/http://ama.com.au/node/4721 |archive-date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
*2011: elected [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://royalsociety.org/people/ian-frazer/| title = Professor Ian Hector Frazer FRS | publisher = Royal Society |access-date = 18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713024549/http://royalsociety.org/people/ian-frazer/ |archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>
*2018: Elected a Corresponding Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/fellow/ian-frazer/|title=Professor Ian Hector Frazer FRS CorrFRSE|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en-GB|archive-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315015144/https://www.rse.org.uk/fellow/ian-frazer/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2022: [http://www.hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2569 Grand Hamdan International Award - Infectious Diseases]

In 2012 Frazer was named as a [[Australian Living Treasures|National Living Treasure]] by the [[National Trust of Australia]] (NSW).<ref name=" national-living-treasure " >{{cite news | title =Seven added to national living treasure list | author =Farrow, Lauren | work =Canberra Times | date =5 March 2012 | url =http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/seven-added-to-national-living-treasure-list-20120304-1ubaq.html | access-date =8 March 2012 | archive-date =5 March 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120305101725/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/seven-added-to-national-living-treasure-list-20120304-1ubaq.html | url-status =live }}</ref>

On 11 June 2012, Frazer was named a [[Companion of the Order of Australia]] (AC) for "eminent service to medical research, particularly through leadership roles in the discovery of the Human Papilloma Virus vaccine and its role in preventing cervical cancer, to higher education and as a supporter of charitable organisations."<ref>{{cite web|title=Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia (AC) |work=The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AC%20(final).pdf |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AC%20(final).pdf#page=3 3] |date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616221648/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AC%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Current work==

===Herpes===
In February 2014, it was announced that Frazer's new vaccine against [[genital herpes]] has passed human safety trials in a trial of 20 Australians. The vaccine is designed to prevent new infections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/gardasil-inventor-professor-ian-frazers-new-genital-herpes-vaccine-proves-safe-in-passing-first-human-trials/story-fnihsrf2-1226817096262|title=Cervical cancer vaccine inventor to target herpes|date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

===Research===
From February 2011 to February 2015, Frazer was the CEO and Director of Research at the [[Translational Research Institute (Australia)|Translational Research Institute]], a joint initiative of [[The University of Queensland]], [[Queensland University of Technology]], the [[Mater Medical Research Institute]] and the Princess Alexandra Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title=About TRI |url=http://tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri |access-date=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204085016/http://www.tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri |archive-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is researching [[Immunomodulator|immunoregulation]] and immunotherapeutic vaccines, supported by several US and Australian [[research funding]] bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cms.jcu.edu.au/events/JCUPRD1_051954 |title=Cancer Control in the 21st Century |publisher= [[James Cook University]] |access-date=29 May 2010 |date= 25 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516200226/http://cms.jcu.edu.au/events/JCUPRD1_051954 |archive-date=16 May 2010}}
</ref> He is working on a VLP-based vaccine against [[hepatitis C virus|hepatitis C]], and is researching extensions to the VLP production technology for [[dengue fever]] and [[Japanese encephalitis]] vaccines. Frazer expects (50% effective) [[HIV vaccine]]s to be available by 2028.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Leng |first= Lay |editor1-first= Lim |editor1-last= Candace |date= November 2008 |title= FEATURE: Vaccinating against Cancer |journal= [[Innovation (magazine)|Innovation]] |volume= 7 |issue=3 |publisher= [[World Scientific Publishing]] & The [[National University of Singapore|NUS]] |location= Singapore |url= http://www.innovationmagazine.com/innovation/volumes/v7n3/feature1.shtml |quote= According to Frazer, the opportunity for vaccine improvement comes from novel [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvants]] [...] and [[recombinant DNA]] |access-date= 29 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040111/http://www.innovationmagazine.com/innovation/volumes/v7n3/feature1.shtml |archive-date= 13 July 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref> He is already overseeing trials of the first vaccine for [[skin cancer]] (the [[Squamous cell carcinoma|Squamous cancer]],<ref>
{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/30/2887513.htm |title= Vaccine doctor's good news |work= Stateline Queensland |publisher= ABC |date=30 March 2010 |access-date=29 May 2010 |quote= It's not exactly the same virus and therefore the vaccine we already have will not protect against that particular cancer. But the technology that we've used to develop a vaccine for cervical cancer should in principle be possible to use for prevention of some skin cancers. |last= Kelly |first= James }}
</ref> caused by HPV) which might be ready before 2020.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/national/scientist-close-to-creating-skin-cancer-vaccine/2008/11/16/1226770230512.html |work= Brisbane Times |quote= If we can get encouraging results we will try and push it on as fast as we can. It's really a given that we try to focus on health problems that are significant ones. |title=Scientist Ian Frazer close to creating skin cancer vaccine |access-date=29 May 2010 |date= 16 November 2008 }}
</ref>

Frazer is the inaugural holder of the [[Queensland Government]] Smart State premier's fellowship, worth $2.5 million over 5 years. He has held continuous research funding from the [[National Health and Medical Research Council]] (NHMRC) since 1985, mostly relating to papilloma viruses or [[tumor immunology]]. He is currently a joint Chief Investigator on an [[Medical research#Funding|NHMRC program grant]] and a NHMRC/[[Wellcome Trust|Wellcome]] program grant, together worth more than $2 million a year.

===Teaching and industry===
He teaches immunology to undergraduates and [[graduate student]]s at the University of Queensland, is [[Cancer Council Australia]] president,<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.org.au//Newsmedia/NewsArticles/IanFrazerWins.htm |title= Professor Ian Frazer wins Prime Minister's Prize for Science |publisher=Cancer Council Australia |quote= Sometimes it seems almost impossible to believe that something we did all those years ago could have such a dramatic impact on so many people |access-date=28 May 2010 |date= 17 October 2008 }}
</ref> Chairman of the [[Australian Cancer Research Foundation|ACRF]]'s Medical Research Advisory Committee, and advises the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation|Gates Foundation]] on papillomavirus [[vaccine]]s.

Frazer consults for many [[pharmaceutical companies]] on [[Immunomodulator|Immunomodulatory drugs]], prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.  He sits on the board of three for-profit small biotech companies and a number of [[not for profit]] organisations.

===Fellowships===
*[[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]], since 1988
*[[Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia]], since 1989
*[[Australian Institute of Company Directors]], since 2002
*[[Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering]], since 2003
*[[Australian Academy of Science]], since 2004<ref name="CoridonPR">{{cite web |quote=I saw becoming a fellow of the AAS as recognition received towards the end of a career, whereas I see myself working in research for a lot longer yet |url=http://www.coridon.com/news.htm |title=Ian Frazer honoured by major Fellowship |publisher=coridon.com |access-date=29 May 2010 |date=6 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912143716/http://www.coridon.com/news.htm |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences]], since 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aahms.org/fellowship/|title=Fellowship {{!}} AAHMS – Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences|website=www.aahms.org|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-06-26|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004555/https://aahms.org/fellowship/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220080637/http://acrf.com.au/about-acrf/medical-research-advisory-committee/professor-ian-frazer/ Australian Cancer Research Foundation Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081757/http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/frazerih.html University of Queensland Research Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110305021729/http://science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/if.html Australian Academy of Science Profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100501132859/http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page58.asp Australian of the Year Award Profile]
* [http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15044 Queensland Government Science Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frazer, Ian}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Queensland]]
[[Category:Academics from Brisbane]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Brisbane]]
[[Category:People educated at Robert Gordon's College]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Australian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Australian immunologists]]
[[Category:Australian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science]]
[[Category:Papillomavirus]]
[[Category:Australian of the Year Award winners]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:WEHI alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Queensland]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Queensland Greats]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Institute of Company Directors]]

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