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== Introduction == |
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{{POV|date=July 2020}} |
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Under normal circumstances, the |
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| ⚫ | Under normal circumstances, the United States [[Child Protective Services|child welfare systems]] is considered by experts to be underfunded<ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Foster Care Financing: How and Why the Current Funding Structure Fails to Meet the Needs of the Child Welfare Field|url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/federal-foster-care-financing-how-and-why-current-funding-structure-fails-meet-needs-child-welfare-field|date=2016-12-08|website=ASPE|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> and strains social workers with high case loads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caseload and Workload Management|url=https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/case_work_management.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> However, during the 2020 [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the U.S. experienced an unprecedented lockdown<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-31|title=Three out of four Americans under virus lockdown|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52103066|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> and national unemployment reached a record high.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unemployment rate soars to 14.7 percent, highest level since the Great Depression|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/u-s-economy-shed-record-20-5-million-jobs-last-n1202696|website=NBC News|date=8 May 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> This presents an issue because it is recorded that during times of economic stress, child abuse skyrockets.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What the Economic Downturn Means for Children, Youth, and Families|language=en|work=apa.org|url=https://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/economy|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> |
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A prime example of this occurred in the |
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| ⚫ | A prime example of this occurred in the [[Dallas–Fort Worth area]], which already witnessed a major uptick in abuse rates. Six children, all under the age of 4, were physically abused, as reported by Cook Children's Medical Center in Fort Worth. Doctors believe all of these cases were driven by coronavirus- related stress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fort Worth Hospital Sees Spike in Severe Child Abuse Cases Over Last Week|url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/fort-worth-hospital-sees-spike-in-severe-child-abuse-cases-over-last-week/2336014/|website=NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth|date=21 March 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> In the age of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]], where families were locked inside their homes, human contact was limited, and courts closed, the United States witnessed an aggressive upsurge in child abuse rates as a result of several systemic flaws. |
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== Impacts on System == |
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== Identification == |
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Identifying and reporting child maltreatment is the first step |
Identifying and reporting child maltreatment is the first step in all child welfare system work.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Prevention and Why Is It Important? - Child Welfare Information Gateway|url=https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/overview/whatiscap/|website=childwelfare.gov|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> It is how the child's mistreatment comes to the attention of authorities and, from there, action is taken. One of the biggest mechanisms the system has traditionally relied on has been [[Mandated reporter|mandatory reporters]], such as teachers, law enforcement, and health care professionals. A child's regular contact with their community has been relied on for individuals to be able to identify and report abuse. Upon the national quarantine, fewer cases began to be reported. An illustration of this may be seen in the U.S. Midwest. Prior to 2020, Illinois abuse hotline typically received about 950 calls a day, approximately 6,650 a week. After [[J. B. Pritzker|Governor Pritzker]] closed schools, that number dropped by 45% within the week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With no school, calls drop but child abuse hasn't amid virus|url=https://www.centralillinoisproud.com/news/national/with-no-school-calls-drop-but-child-abuse-hasnt-amid-virus/|date=2020-04-18|website=CIProud.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> |
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The problems stemming from closures is not limited to America. In England, [[Anne Longfield]], the Children's Commissioner for England, estimated that over 2.3 million minors in England are currentlyat high-risk for abuse and unable to access social services as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news|last=correspondent|first=Peter Walker Political|date=2017-07-03|title=Millions of children in England growing up in high risk environments|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jul/04/millions-of-children-in-england-growing-up-in-high-risk-environments|access-date=2020-05-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |
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== Lack of youth resources == |
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Outside of the child welfare system, another crucial element that contributes to offsetting child neglect is that schools continue to be some of the only places many youth receive mental-health help, physical activity, nourishment and clean water |
Outside of the child welfare system, another crucial element that contributes to offsetting child neglect is that schools continue to be some of the only places many youth receive mental-health help, physical activity, nourishment and clean water.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Kids Aren't All Right|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/what-coronavirus-will-do-kids/608608/|last=II|first=Vann R. Newkirk|date=2020-03-24|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> More than six million students across 11,000 American schools are the primary provider of critical services and, until now, relied on schools for those resources.<ref name=":0" /> Kindship Care is another resource child welfare agencies are trying to utilize more during the pandemic. Better outcomes have been observed in children that are quickly placed with members of their extended family.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advocating for Kinship Placement During the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/childrens-rights/articles/2020/advocating-for-kinship-placement-during-the-covid19-pandemic/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=www.americanbar.org|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Impact on the investigation process == |
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The next step in child welfare is investigating and intervening. |
The next step in child welfare work is investigating and intervening. The current [[foster care]] system in the U.S. operates on worker mobility, human contact and the frequent movement of children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Does the Foster System Work in the USA?|url=https://adoption.org/foster-system-work-usa|website=Adoption.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> However, with that movement grinding to a halt after the lockdown, caseworkers are limited in their ability to monitor and investigate potential cases of abuse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Social Service Workers Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19|url=http://www.socialserviceworkforce.org/resources/blog/social-service-workers-mitigating-impact-covid-19|last=Brown|first=Nicole|date=2020-05-07|website=Global Social Service Workforce Alliance|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> |
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The |
The [[United States Children's Bureau|U.S. Children's Bureau]] evaluated alternatives to caseworker inspections, while many state and local governments began limiting or canceling abuse allegation investigations.<ref name="Writer">{{Cite web|title=Pandemic sparks concerns about child abuse in Maine|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2020/04/05/pandemic-sparks-concerns-about-child-abuse-in-maine/|last=Writer|first=Penelope OvertonStaff|date=2020-04-05|website=Press Herald|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> One of the most extreme measures was Maine's Office of Child and Family Services suspending all caseworker home visits;<ref name="Writer"/> many agencies and social workers were worried about contracting or transmitting the virus and as a result they conducted investigations from the front doors of homes or over video chats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What COVID-19 means for America's child welfare system|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/what-covid-19-means-for-americas-child-welfare-system/|last=Haskins|first=Morgan Welch and Ron|date=2020-04-30|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> |
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== Effectsonhousing and visitation == |
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Another element of this is the housing of children already in foster care. Major cities around the world witnessed a serious contraction in available foster housing because many foster parents and facilities |
Another element of this is the housing of children already in foster care. Major cities around the world witnessed a serious contraction in available foster housing because many foster parents and facilities run by older or immune compromised individuals have not been operating during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster care crisis: More kids are entering, but fewer families are willing to take them in|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/foster-care-crisis-more-kids-are-entering-fewer-families-are-n1252450|access-date=2021-02-20|website=NBC News|date=30 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Worsens Severe Shortage of Homes for SLO County Children in Foster Care|url=https://www.slocounty.ca.gov/Departments/Social-Services/News/COVID-19-Worsens-Severe-Shortage-of-Homes-for-SLO|website=slocounty.ca.gov|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> In-person visitations between family members during a separation is recognized as important for both the parent(s) and the child; however, similar to home inspections, separated families transitioned to virtual visitations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parents of foster children lose what that keeps them connected: In-person visits|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-child-welfare/2020/04/28/arizonas-foster-care-system-virtual-visits-replace-parent-visits/5148618002/|website=Arizona Republic|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> |
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== Family courts == |
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One of the final steps in a child welfare case is courts establishing a long-term solvency plan. This could |
One of the final steps in a child welfare case is that of courts establishing a long-term solvency plan. This could include a variety of solutions from reunification to the revocation of custody, all dependent on the individual case. However, because of the long-term impacts of this final step, during COVID-19, experts have worried about the legal backlog and pileup. Children currently in foster care (and any children taken under lockdown) because of alleged abuse or neglect require a trial, but many trials and meeting dates have been delayed indefinitely.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most courts closed due to coronavirus — but not those that serve high-risk populations|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/3/16/21182046/courts-disability-immigration-coronavirus|last=Kim|first=Catherine|date=2020-03-16|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> A prime example of this is in Los Angeles County, one of the largest counties in the United States, where all non-essential work was suspended, including family courts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LA Superior Court Delays Trials, Non-Essential Matters for Another 30 Days|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/la-superior-court-delays-trials-non-essential-matters-for-another-30-days/2347034/|website=NBC Los Angeles|date=16 April 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> |
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The problem with this is legal institutions across the world are closing their doors because of COVID-19 and many are pushing trial and meeting dates back indefinitely <ref>{{Cite web|title=Most courts closed due to coronavirus — but not those that serve high-risk populations|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/3/16/21182046/courts-disability-immigration-coronavirus|last=Kim|first=Catherine|date=2020-03-16|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>. A prime example of this is Los Angeles County, one of the largest counties in the United States, suspended all non-essential work, including family courts <ref>{{Cite web|title=LA Superior Court Delays Trials, Non-Essential Matters for Another 30 Days|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/la-superior-court-delays-trials-non-essential-matters-for-another-30-days/2347034/|website=NBC Los Angeles|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{COVID-19 pandemic}} |
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{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}} |
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[[Category:Foster care in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|Foster care]] |
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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Under normal circumstances, the United States child welfare systems is considered by experts to be underfunded[1] and strains social workers with high case loads.[2] However, during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. experienced an unprecedented lockdown[3] and national unemployment reached a record high.[4] This presents an issue because it is recorded that during times of economic stress, child abuse skyrockets.[5]
A prime example of this occurred in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, which already witnessed a major uptick in abuse rates. Six children, all under the age of 4, were physically abused, as reported by Cook Children's Medical Center in Fort Worth. Doctors believe all of these cases were driven by coronavirus- related stress.[6] In the age of COVID-19, where families were locked inside their homes, human contact was limited, and courts closed, the United States witnessed an aggressive upsurge in child abuse rates as a result of several systemic flaws.
Identifying and reporting child maltreatment is the first step in all child welfare system work.[7] It is how the child's mistreatment comes to the attention of authorities and, from there, action is taken. One of the biggest mechanisms the system has traditionally relied on has been mandatory reporters, such as teachers, law enforcement, and health care professionals. A child's regular contact with their community has been relied on for individuals to be able to identify and report abuse. Upon the national quarantine, fewer cases began to be reported. An illustration of this may be seen in the U.S. Midwest. Prior to 2020, Illinois abuse hotline typically received about 950 calls a day, approximately 6,650 a week. After Governor Pritzker closed schools, that number dropped by 45% within the week.[8]
The problems stemming from closures is not limited to America. In England, Anne Longfield, the Children's Commissioner for England, estimated that over 2.3 million minors in England are currently at high-risk for abuse and unable to access social services as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak.[9]
Outside of the child welfare system, another crucial element that contributes to offsetting child neglect is that schools continue to be some of the only places many youth receive mental-health help, physical activity, nourishment and clean water.[10] More than six million students across 11,000 American schools are the primary provider of critical services and, until now, relied on schools for those resources.[10] Kindship Care is another resource child welfare agencies are trying to utilize more during the pandemic. Better outcomes have been observed in children that are quickly placed with members of their extended family.[11]
The next step in child welfare work is investigating and intervening. The current foster care system in the U.S. operates on worker mobility, human contact and the frequent movement of children.[12] However, with that movement grinding to a halt after the lockdown, caseworkers are limited in their ability to monitor and investigate potential cases of abuse.[13]
The U.S. Children's Bureau evaluated alternatives to caseworker inspections, while many state and local governments began limiting or canceling abuse allegation investigations.[14] One of the most extreme measures was Maine's Office of Child and Family Services suspending all caseworker home visits;[14] many agencies and social workers were worried about contracting or transmitting the virus and as a result they conducted investigations from the front doors of homes or over video chats.[15]
Another element of this is the housing of children already in foster care. Major cities around the world witnessed a serious contraction in available foster housing because many foster parents and facilities run by older or immune compromised individuals have not been operating during the pandemic.[16][17] In-person visitations between family members during a separation is recognized as important for both the parent(s) and the child; however, similar to home inspections, separated families transitioned to virtual visitations.[18]
One of the final steps in a child welfare case is that of courts establishing a long-term solvency plan. This could include a variety of solutions from reunification to the revocation of custody, all dependent on the individual case. However, because of the long-term impacts of this final step, during COVID-19, experts have worried about the legal backlog and pileup. Children currently in foster care (and any children taken under lockdown) because of alleged abuse or neglect require a trial, but many trials and meeting dates have been delayed indefinitely.[19] A prime example of this is in Los Angeles County, one of the largest counties in the United States, where all non-essential work was suspended, including family courts.[20]
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