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The '''inferior temporal gyrus''' is one of three [[gyri]] of the [[temporal lobe]] and is located below the [[middle temporal gyrus]], connected behind with the [[inferior occipital gyrus]]; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the [[temporal lobe]], where it is limited by the inferior [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]]. This region is one of the higher levels of the [[ventral stream]] of visual processing, associated with the representation of objects, places, faces, and colors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baldauf|first1=D.|last2=Desimone|first2=R.|date=2014-04-25|title=Neural Mechanisms of Object-Based Attention|journal=Science|language=en|volume=344|issue=6182|pages=424–427|doi=10.1126/science.1247003|pmid=24763592 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..424B |s2cid=34728448 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Parallel, multi-stage processing of colors, faces and shapes in macaque inferior temporal cortex | journal=Nature Neuroscience | date=October 20, 2013 | author=ROSA LAFER-SOUSA and BEVIL CONWAY| volume=16 | issue=12 | pages=1870–1878 | doi=10.1038/nn.3555 | pmid=24141314 | pmc=3957328 }}</ref> It may also be involved in face perception,<ref>Haxby indicates that a few studies have found face perception in the inferior temporal sulcus, with the majority of sites elsewhere in the brain: p.2, [http://www.utdallas.edu/~otoole/HCS6330_F10/08_haxbytics2000.pdf Haxby, et al. (2000) "The distributed human neural system for face perception" ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences'' '''4''' (6) June 2000, 11pp.]</ref> and in the recognition of numbers and words.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/04/scientists-pinpoint-brains-area-for-numeral-recognition.html | title=Scientists pinpoint brain's area for numeral recognition | publisher=Stanford School of Medicine | date=April 16, 2013 | access-date=2013-04-30 | author=BRUCE GOLDMAN}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Poggio |first1=Tomaso |last2=Anselmi |first2=Fabio |title=Visual Cortex and Deep Networks |date=23 September 2016 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03472-2 |pages=45–51}}</ref> |
The '''inferior temporal gyrus''' is one of three [[gyri]] of the [[temporal lobe]] and is located below the [[middle temporal gyrus]], connected behind with the [[inferior occipital gyrus]]; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the [[temporal lobe]], where it is limited by the inferior [[Sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]]. This region is one of the higher levels of the [[ventral stream]] of visual processing, associated with the representation of objects, places, faces, and colors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baldauf|first1=D.|last2=Desimone|first2=R.|date=2014-04-25|title=Neural Mechanisms of Object-Based Attention|journal=Science|language=en|volume=344|issue=6182|pages=424–427|doi=10.1126/science.1247003|pmid=24763592 |bibcode=2014Sci...344..424B |s2cid=34728448 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Parallel, multi-stage processing of colors, faces and shapes in macaque inferior temporal cortex | journal=Nature Neuroscience | date=October 20, 2013 | author=ROSA LAFER-SOUSA and BEVIL CONWAY| volume=16 | issue=12 | pages=1870–1878 | doi=10.1038/nn.3555 | pmid=24141314 | pmc=3957328 }}</ref> It may also be involved in face perception,<ref>Haxby indicates that a few studies have found face perception in the inferior temporal sulcus, with the majority of sites elsewhere in the brain: p.2, [http://www.utdallas.edu/~otoole/HCS6330_F10/08_haxbytics2000.pdf Haxby, et al. (2000) "The distributed human neural system for face perception" ''Trends in Cognitive Sciences'' '''4''' (6) June 2000, 11pp.]</ref> and in the recognition of numbers and words.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/04/scientists-pinpoint-brains-area-for-numeral-recognition.html | title=Scientists pinpoint brain's area for numeral recognition | publisher=Stanford School of Medicine | date=April 16, 2013 | access-date=2013-04-30 | author=BRUCE GOLDMAN}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Poggio |first1=Tomaso |last2=Anselmi |first2=Fabio |title=Visual Cortex and Deep Networks |date=23 September 2016 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-03472-2 |pages=45–51}}</ref> |
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The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the [[temporal lobe]] located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the occipital temporal gyrus – otherwise referenced as IT cortex – is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system.<ref name="Kolb, B; Whishaw, I. Q. 2014 282–312">{{cite book|author1=Kolb, B |author2=Whishaw, I. Q. |title=An Introduction to Brain and Behavior|year=2014|publisher=Worth|location=New York, NY|pages=282–312|edition=Fourth}}</ref> The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gross|first=C. G.|title=Inferior temporal cortex|journal=Scholarpedia|year=2008|volume=3|issue=12|page=7294|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.7294 |bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.7294G|doi-access=free}}</ref> The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our [[field of vision]], and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the [[occipital lobe]]. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the "what" from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.<ref name="Kolb, B; Whishaw, I. Q. 2014 282–312"/> |
The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the [[temporal lobe]] located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the occipital temporal gyrus – otherwise referenced as IT cortex – is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system.<ref name="Kolb, B; Whishaw, I. Q. 2014 282–312">{{cite book|author1=Kolb, B |author2=Whishaw, I. Q. |title=An Introduction to Brain and Behavior|year=2014|publisher=Worth|location=New York, NY|pages=282–312|edition=Fourth}}</ref> The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gross|first=C. G.|title=Inferior temporal cortex|journal=Scholarpedia|year=2008|volume=3|issue=12|page=7294|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.7294 |doi-broken-date=2024-06-12 |bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.7294G|doi-access=free}}</ref> The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our [[field of vision]], and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the [[occipital lobe]]. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the "what" from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.<ref name="Kolb, B; Whishaw, I. Q. 2014 282–312"/> |
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The IT cortex's neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the [[visual field]], difficulties with perceptual tasks and [[spatial awareness]], and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex's relation to memory. |
The IT cortex's neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the [[visual field]], difficulties with perceptual tasks and [[spatial awareness]], and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex's relation to memory. |
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=== Information processing === |
=== Information processing === |
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The information for color and form comes from P-cells that receive their information mainly from [[Rods and cones|cones]], so they are sensitive to differences in form and color, as opposed to the M-cells that receive information about motion mainly from [[Rods and cones|rods]]. The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex, also called the inferior temporal visual association cortex, process this information from the P-cells.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dragoi|first=Valentin|title=Chapter 15: Visual Processing: Cortical Pathways|url=http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter15.html|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409075559/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter15.html|archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> The [[neurons]] in the ITC have several unique properties that offer an explanation as to why this area is essential in recognizing patterns. They only respond to visual stimuli and their receptive fields always include the [[Fovea centralis|fovea]], which is one of the densest areas of the retina and is responsible for acute central vision. These [[receptive fields]] tend to be larger than those in the [[striate cortex]] and often extend across the midline to unite the two visual half fields for the first time. IT neurons are selective for shape and/or color of stimulus and are usually more responsive to complex shapes as opposed to simple ones. A small percentage of them are selective for specific parts of the face. Faces and likely other complex shapes are seemingly coded by a sequence of activity across a group of cells, and IT cells can display both short or long-term memory for visual stimuli based on experience.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gross|first=Charles|title=Inferior temporal cortex|journal=Scholarpedia|volume=3|issue=12|page=7294|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.7294|year=2008|bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.7294G|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
The information for color and form comes from P-cells that receive their information mainly from [[Rods and cones|cones]], so they are sensitive to differences in form and color, as opposed to the M-cells that receive information about motion mainly from [[Rods and cones|rods]]. The neurons in the inferior temporal cortex, also called the inferior temporal visual association cortex, process this information from the P-cells.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dragoi|first=Valentin|title=Chapter 15: Visual Processing: Cortical Pathways|url=http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter15.html|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409075559/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter15.html|archive-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> The [[neurons]] in the ITC have several unique properties that offer an explanation as to why this area is essential in recognizing patterns. They only respond to visual stimuli and their receptive fields always include the [[Fovea centralis|fovea]], which is one of the densest areas of the retina and is responsible for acute central vision. These [[receptive fields]] tend to be larger than those in the [[striate cortex]] and often extend across the midline to unite the two visual half fields for the first time. IT neurons are selective for shape and/or color of stimulus and are usually more responsive to complex shapes as opposed to simple ones. A small percentage of them are selective for specific parts of the face. Faces and likely other complex shapes are seemingly coded by a sequence of activity across a group of cells, and IT cells can display both short or long-term memory for visual stimuli based on experience.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gross|first=Charles|title=Inferior temporal cortex|journal=Scholarpedia|volume=3|issue=12|page=7294|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.7294|year=2008|doi-broken-date=2024-06-12 |bibcode=2008SchpJ...3.7294G|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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=== Object recognition === |
=== Object recognition === |
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