Editing Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

On March 31, 2021,<ref name="WaPo-1">{{Cite news |last=Siegel |first=Rachel |date=March 31, 2021 |title=What's in Biden's $2&nbsp;trillion jobs and infrastructure plan? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 23, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=April 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401015541/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/what-is-in-biden-infrastructure-plan/ }}</ref> President [[Joe Biden]] unveiled his $2.3&nbsp;trillion [[Build Back Better Plan#American Jobs Plan|American Jobs Plan]] (which, when combined with the [[Build Back Better Plan#American Families Plan|American Families Plan]], amounted to $4&nbsp;trillion in infrastructure spending),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Everett |first1=Burgess |last2=Levine |first2=Marianne |date=May 24, 2021 |title='Time to move on': Infrastructure talks near collapse |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637 |url-status=live |access-date=May 25, 2021 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524234502/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/05/24/infrastructure-talks-near-collapse-490637 }}</ref> pitched by him as "a transformative effort to overhaul the nation's economy".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Jeff |last2=Eilperin |first2=Juliet |last3=Laris |first3=Michael |last4=Romm |first4=Tony |date=April 1, 2021 |title=White House unveils $2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure and climate plan, setting up giant battle over size and cost of government |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331100334/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/03/31/biden-infrastructure-climate-plan/ }}</ref> The detailed plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster [[labor union]]s, expand labor protections, and [[Climate change mitigation|address climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Davidson |first1=Kate |last2=Omeokwe |first2=Amara |date=April 3, 2021 |title=Biden's Infrastructure Package Is Designed to Boost Unions |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410 |url-status=live |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403125650/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bidens-infrastructure-package-is-designed-to-boost-unions-11617454410 }}</ref><ref name="Vox-explainer">{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Ella |date=March 31, 2021 |title=Joe Biden's $2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure and jobs plan, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained |url-status=live |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=October 25, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331124725/https://www.vox.com/2021/3/31/22357179/biden-two-trillion-infrastructure-jobs-plan-explained }}</ref>

=== Senate passage ===

* $343 billion to roads, bridges and safety

* $109 billion to public transit systems; and

On May 27, Republican senator [[Shelley Moore Capito]] presented a $928&nbsp;billion plan,<ref name="cnbc">{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=May 27, 2021 |title=Senate GOP unveils its $928&nbsp;billion infrastructure counteroffer to Biden – here's what's in it |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/27/biden-infrastructure-plan-capito-discusses-republican-counteroffer.html |access-date=May 27, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527123255/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/27/biden-infrastructure-plan-capito-discusses-republican-counteroffer.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The week before, a spokeswoman for Capito had said Republicans seemed to be "further apart" from Democrats regarding the bill than they were at their previous meeting with the president.<ref name=":3" />}}{{Efn|According to ''[[CNBC]]'', the plan "includes:

* $22&nbsp;billion for water storage

* $21&nbsp;billion for safety efforts [and]

* more than $959&nbsp;billion for traditional infrastructure, including highways, bridges, rail, airports and waterways

** [including] $25&nbsp;billion ... for electric vehicle infrastructure, including electric buses ...

* $10&nbsp;billion for veterans' housing."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Scott |last2=Lillis |first2=Mike |date=2021-06-09 |title=House moderates unveil $1.25T infrastructure plan |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/557621-house-moderates-unveil-125t-infrastructure-plan |url-status=live |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192350/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/557621-house-moderates-unveil-125t-infrastructure-plan }}</ref>}} On June 10, a bipartisan group of 10 senators reached a deal costing $974&nbsp;billion over five years; or about $1.2&nbsp;trillion if stretched over eight years.<ref name="bipartisan10">{{Cite news |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |last2=Kim |first2=Seung Min |date=2021-06-10 |title=Ten Senate Democrats and Republicans say they reached five-year, nearly $1&nbsp;trillion infrastructure deal |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/06/10/senate-democrats-republicans-infrastructure/ |access-date=2021-06-10 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009193630/https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2021/06/10/senate-democrats-republicans-infrastructure/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 16, the plan was endorsed by a bipartisan group of 21 senators.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=2021-06-16 |title=11 GOP senators back bipartisan infrastructure plan, boosting its chances of moving forward |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/16/infrastructure-republican-senators-support-bipartisan-plan.html |access-date=2021-06-17 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192351/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/16/infrastructure-republican-senators-support-bipartisan-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 24, the bipartisan group met with the president and reached a compromise deal costing $1.2&nbsp;trillion over eight years, which focuses on physical infrastructure (notably roads, bridges, railways, water, sewage, broadband, electric vehicles). This was planned to be paid for through reinforced [[Internal Revenue Service]] (IRS) collection, unspent COVID-19 relief funds, and other sources.<ref name=":7" /> By July 2021, the IRS portion of the funding had reportedly been scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Foran |first1=Clare |last2=Fox |first2=Lauren |date=July 19, 2021 |title=Infrastructure push on rocky ground as key Senate test vote looms |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/politics/infrastructure-agenda-senate-test-vote/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-19 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024192352/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/politics/infrastructure-agenda-senate-test-vote/index.html }}</ref> Biden stipulated that a separate "human infrastructure" bill (notably [[child care]], [[Home care in the United States|home care]], and [[climate change]]){{Snd}}later known as the [[Build Back Better Act]]{{Snd}}must also pass, whether through bipartisanship or [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|reconciliation]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Garrison |first1=Joey |last2=King |first2=Ledyard |date=June 24, 2021 |title='We have a deal': Biden reaches $1.2&nbsp;trillion infrastructure compromise with bipartisan group of senators |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/06/24/biden-senators-agree-1-2-trillion-infrastructure-deal/5333841001/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=USA Today |language=en-US |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624170200/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/06/24/biden-senators-agree-1-2-trillion-infrastructure-deal/5333841001/ }}</ref> but later walked back this position.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |last=Newburger |first=Emma |date=June 27, 2021 |title=Republican senators say bipartisan infrastructure deal can move forward after Biden clarifies position |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/27/infrastructure-gop-senators-say-deal-can-go-forward-after-biden-walkback-.html |access-date=June 28, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201111207/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/27/infrastructure-gop-senators-say-deal-can-go-forward-after-biden-walkback-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] similarly stated that the House would not vote on the physical infrastructure bill until the larger bill passes in the Senate,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Marcos |first=Cristina |date=June 24, 2021 |title=Pelosi vows no vote on bipartisan deal without Senate action on reconciliation |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560051-pelosi-vows-no-vote-on-bipartisan-deal-without-senate-action-on-reconciliation |url-status=live |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624160234/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/560051-pelosi-vows-no-vote-on-bipartisan-deal-without-senate-action-on-reconciliation }}</ref> despite the fact that reconciliation overrides much of the obstructive power of the [[Filibuster in the United States Senate|filibuster]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last1=Wong |first1=Scott |last2=Lillis |first2=Mike |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Pelosi breaks bad news to moderates: No vote on infrastructure this month |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/567404-pelosi-breaks-bad-news-to-moderates-no-infrastructure-vote-this-month |url-status=live |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=The Hill |language=en |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811182221/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/567404-pelosi-breaks-bad-news-to-moderates-no-infrastructure-vote-this-month }}</ref>

A procedural vote on a House rule concerning passing both bills passed along party lines on August 24.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramuk |first=Jacob |date=August 24, 2021 |title=House Democrats clear path toward passing $3.5&nbsp;trillion budget bill and infrastructure plan after breaking stalemate |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/house-passes-budget-resolution-advances-infrastructure-bill.html |access-date=August 24, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026230506/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/24/house-passes-budget-resolution-advances-infrastructure-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The specific amounts in surface transportation spending were $343 billion for roads, highways, bridges and motor safety, $109 billion for transit, and $95 billion for rail.<ref name="Segers" /> Provisions of the bill incentivized prioritizing maintenance and repair spending over spending on new infrastructure, holistically planning for all modes of transport when considering how to connect job centers to housing (including collecting data on reductions in [[vehicle miles traveled]] through [[transit-oriented development]]), and lowering speed limits to increase road safety and encourage building [[complete streets]]. The Senate version, and the final bill, de-emphasized these incentives.<ref name="DeFazio June press release" /><ref name="Davis 2021" /><ref name="T4A Senate BIL review" /><ref name="Osborne press release 2021" /><ref name="Grimminger 2021" /><ref name="T4A December review" />

The final version restores the [[Superfund]] excise tax on certain chemicals<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-superfund-chemical-excise-taxes-faqs |title=IRS issues Superfund Chemical Excise Taxes FAQs |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304021005/https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-issues-superfund-chemical-excise-taxes-faqs |url-status=live }}</ref> which expired in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marketplace.org/2021/07/02/chemical-tax-to-clean-up-toxic-sites-gets-new-life-as-part-of-infrastructure-deal/ |title=Chemical tax to clean up toxic sites gets new life as part of infrastructure deal |date=July 2, 2021 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304021006/https://www.marketplace.org/2021/07/02/chemical-tax-to-clean-up-toxic-sites-gets-new-life-as-part-of-infrastructure-deal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* $65 billion for broadband development.<ref name="Walsh" />

=== Impact on environment and climate ===

An October 2021 report written by the REPEAT Project, a partnership between the Evolved Energy Research firm and [[Princeton University]]'s ZERO Lab, said the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act alone will make only a small reduction in emissions, but as they say: "We lack modeling capabilities to reflect the net effect of surface transportation investments in highways (which tend to increase on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled) and rail and public transit (which tend to reduce on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled). These significant programs are therefore not modeled in this analysis, an important limitation of our assessment of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act".<ref>{{cite report |title=Preliminary Report: The Climate Impact of Congressional Infrastructure and Budget Bills |date=20 October 2021 |publisher=Rapid Energy Policy Evaluation and Analysis Toolkit|page=9 |url=https://repeatproject.org/docs/REPEAT_Preliminary_Report_102021.pdf |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020161736/https://repeatproject.org/docs/REPEAT_Preliminary_Report_102021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The law includes the largest federal investment in [[public transit]] in history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ |website=The White House |date=November 6, 2021 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170901/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/11/06/fact-sheet-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-deal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The law includes spending figures of $105 billion in public transport. It also spends $110 billion on fixing roads and bridges and includes measures for climate change mitigation and improving access for [[Cycling|cyclists]] and [[Walking|pedestrians]].<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news |last1=Sprunt |first1=Barbara |title=Here's What's Included In The Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators |access-date=11 August 2021 |agency=NPR |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812045357/https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009923468/heres-whats-included-in-the-infrastructure-deal-that-biden-struck-with-senators |url-status=live }}</ref> Increasing use of [[public transport]] and related [[transit-oriented development]] can reduce transportation emissions in human settlements by 78% and overall US emissions by 15%.<ref>{{cite book |title=Public Transportation's Role in Responding to Climate Change |date=2010 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration |page=5 |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901033105/https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/PublicTransportationsRoleInRespondingToClimateChange2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The law gives the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] $5.5 billion of the $65 billion total to deliver broadband to rural communities smaller than 20,000 people, $5 million of which is obligated to [[utility cooperative]]s.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|7|1734}}</ref><ref name="Rural Development 2024">{{cite web | title=Distance Learning & Telemedicine Grants | website=Rural Development | date=February 29, 2024 | url=https://www.rd.usda.gov/programs-services/telecommunications-programs/distance-learning-telemedicine-grants | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

=== Water ===

The Act provides $8 billion for helping Western states deal with the [[Southwestern North American megadrought]]. Spending for many related projects is included under the category "Western Water Infrastructure".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=What's in the $1.2 trillion infrastructure law |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/08/10/senate-infrastructure-bill-what-is-in-it/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |agency=Washington Post |date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kanzig |first1=Erin |title=What's Inside the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act for Water? |url=https://www.rivernetwork.org/whats-inside-the-infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act-for-water/ |website=River Network |date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref>

Prior to the enactment of the infrastructure law in 2021, no dedicated federal bridge funding had existed since fiscal year 2013. The law created two new programs specifically to fund bridge projects:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2022-05-06_IF12099_d188dd74f213ca1835e163da3f9c67b62305af79.pdf |title=Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Highway Bridges |date=May 6, 2022 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416044013/https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2022-05-06_IF12099_d188dd74f213ca1835e163da3f9c67b62305af79.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

With $27.5 billion over five years, the BFP distributes funds to every state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico based on a formula that accounts for each state's cost to replace or rehabilitate its poor or fair condition bridges. Each state is guaranteed a minimum of $45 million per year from this program. At least 15% of each state's funds must be spent on off-system bridges (i.e., public bridges that are not on federal-aid highways), and 3% is set aside each year for bridges on tribal lands. Off-system and tribal bridge projects may be funded with a 100% federal share (as opposed to the standard 80% federal share).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bfp.cfm |title=Bridge Formula Program (BFP) |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413120857/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bfp.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

With $12.5 billion over five years, the BIP is a competitive grant program to replace, rehabilitate, preserve, or make resiliency improvements to bridges. Half of the funding is reserved for large bridge projects, which are defined as projects that cost over $100 million. Large projects are funded at a maximum 50% federal share, while other projects are funded at a maximum 80% federal share.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bip_factsheet.cfm |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |title=Bridge Investment Program (BIP) |access-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416053253/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/bip_factsheet.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

To help plan and guide the expansion of passenger rail service beyond the [[Northeast Corridor]], the infrastructure law also created a $1.8 billion [[Corridor Identification and Development Program]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/fra-announces-new-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-program-guide-nationwide-expansion |title=FRA Announces New Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Program to Guide Nationwide Expansion and Enhancement of Intercity Passenger Rail Service |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation |date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415014101/https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/fra-announces-new-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-program-guide-nationwide-expansion |url-status=live }}</ref> The law also expands eligibility for a potential $23 billion in transit funding to these corridors and changes the allocation methods for state government-supported passenger rail shorter than 750 miles, to encourage states to implement more such service.

The law established and authorized $1.75 billion over five years for a new All Stations Accessibility Program (ASAP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fact-sheet-all-stations-accessibility-program |title=Fact Sheet: All Stations Accessibility Program |publisher=Federal Transit Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414162610/https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/fact-sheet-all-stations-accessibility-program |url-status=live }}</ref> This program is designed to improve the accessibility of rail system stations that were built before the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]] (ADA). At the time of the infrastructure law's passage, over 900 transit stations were not fully ADA-compliant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/biden-administration-announces-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-funding-make-public |title=Biden Administration Announces Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Funding to Make Public Transportation Rail Stations Accessible for All |date=July 26, 2022 |publisher=Federal Transit Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414180438/https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/biden-administration-announces-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-funding-make-public |url-status=live }}</ref>

The law includes $1 billion over five years for Reconnecting Communities planning and construction grants intended to build marginalized community-recommended projects removing or capping highways and railroads, the first $185 million of which were awarded to 45 projects on February 28, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-first-ever-awards-program-reconnect-communities |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces First-Ever Awards from Program to Reconnect Communities |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228183257/https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-first-ever-awards-program-reconnect-communities |url-status=live }}</ref> The program was later combined with the Neighborhood Equity and Access program from the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] for efficiency reasons, before the next 132 projects were given $3.3 billion in awards on March 13, 2024.<ref name="DOT announcement March 13 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces History-Making $3.3 Billion for Locally-Led Projects That Reconnect Communities as Part of President Biden's Investing in America Agenda | website=US Department of Transportation | date=March 13, 2024 | url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/biden-harris-administration-announces-history-making-33-billion-locally-led-projects | access-date=May 9, 2024}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|NEVI|National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure}} Charging stations ===

The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act requires the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) to develop a safety mechanism to prevent [[drunk driving]], which causes about 10,000 deaths each year in the United States as of 2021, which will be rolled out in phases for retroactive fitting,<ref name="ars technica">{{cite news |last1=Gitlin |first1=Jonathan M. |title=Here's what the infrastructure bill means for road safety and EVs |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2021/11/heres-what-the-infrastructure-bill-means-for-road-safety-and-evs/ |work=Ars Technica |date=8 November 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='It's helping save lives' {{!}} Vehicles will soon have built-in sensors to prevent drunk driving |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/investigations/13-investigates/vehicles-will-soon-have-built-in-sensors-to-prevent-drunk-driving-ignition-interlock-test-alcohol-detection/531-866571a8-37f2-48bf-8aae-a13f9fbea8df |work=wthr.com |date=July 26, 2021}}</ref> and will become mandatory for all new vehicles in 2027.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Aaron |title=Every Car Made After 2027 May Have Drunk Driving Monitoring System |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyvk9z/every-car-made-after-2027-may-have-drunk-driving-monitoring-system |work=Vice |date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The technology, which is being developed by NHTSA in cooperation with the [[Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety]] and Swedish automobile safety company [[Autoliv]], consists of a breath-based and a touch-based sensor that stops the car if the driver is above the legal [[blood alcohol content]], and will be [[open-source]]d to automobile manufacturers.<ref name="cosse2022">{{cite web |last1=Cossé |first1=Clay |title=Products Liability and Regulatory Implications of the NTSB's Recent Recommendations on Blood Alcohol Monitoring and Intelligent Speed Assistance [Part I] |url=https://www.openroadlawblog.com/2022/09/whose-fault-is-it-anyway-products-liability-and-regulatory-implications-of-the-ntsbs-recommendation-to-equip-new-vehicles-with-blood-alcohol-monitoring-and-intelligent-speed-assistance-techn/ |website=The Open Road Automotive Law Blog |date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

The infrastructure law created the [[Wildlife crossing|Wildlife Crossings]] Pilot Program with $350 million in funding over five years. This is a competitive grant program that funds planning and construction projects that prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions and improve the connectivity of animal habitats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://highways.dot.gov/federal-lands/programs/wildlife-crossings |title=Wildlife Crossings Program |publisher=Federal Highway Administration |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414172422/https://highways.dot.gov/federal-lands/programs/wildlife-crossings |url-status=live }}</ref>

Biden's infrastructure advisor and the staffer in charge of implementing the law has been identified as [[Mitch Landrieu]]. Biden's National Security Advsor [[Jake Sullivan]] has been identified as the staffer in charge of ensuring the law does not conflict with American foreign policy interests.<ref name="Kuttner">{{cite web | last=Kuttner | first=Robert | title=Reclaiming U.S. Industry | website=The American Prospect | date=January 24, 2023 | url= https://prospect.org/economy/2023-01-24-biden-american-industrial-policy/| access-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref>

By November 2023, around $400 billion from the bill was allocated to more than 40,000 projects related to [[infrastructure]], [[transport]], and [[sustainability]]. Public attention has remained relatively low, due in part to slow implementation of projects.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lobosco |first1=Katie |title=A futuristic airport terminal, a fish passage and ski town bus lanes: Infrastructure projects funded by the bipartisan law |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/22/politics/bipartisan-infrastructure-law-projects/index.html |access-date=16 February 2024 |agency=CNN |date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tomer |first1=Adie |title=At its two-year anniversary, the bipartisan infrastructure law continues to rebuild all of America |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/at-its-two-year-anniversary-the-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-continues-to-rebuild-all-of-america/ |website=Brookings |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Buttle |first1=Rhett |title=The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Two Years In: How Long Term Investments Are Preparing America For The Future |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rhettbuttle/2023/11/15/the-bipartisan-infrastructure-law-two-years-in-how-long-term-investments-are-preparing-america-for-the-future/?sh=23b1b23523e5 |website=Forbes |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref>

The White House offers a "Map of Progress" which tracks all spending that resulted from the act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/build/maps-of-progress/|title=Maps of Progress|access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>

According to the [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrat]]-linked think tank [[Center for American Progress]], the Act, the [[CHIPS and Science Act]], and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]] have together catalyzed over 35,000 public and private investments.<ref name="CAP 2023">{{cite web | last1=Ragland|first1=Will|last2=Koronowski|first2=Ryan|last3=Simhoni | first3=Shanee | title=Biden Administration Investment Tracker | website=Center for American Progress | date=June 20, 2023 | url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/investment-tracker/ | access-date=June 29, 2023}}</ref> The Biden administration itself claimed that {{as of|2024|06|14|lc=y|df=US}}, the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $877 billion in private investment (including $395 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $177 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $155 billion in clean power, $80 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $42 billion in heavy industry) and over $552.8 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $78.4 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA).<ref name="Invest.gov 2024">{{cite web | title=Investing In America | website=The White House | date=June 14, 2024 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/invest/ | access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref>{{update after|2024|06|30}}

In November 2022, the Biden administration announced it would furnish $550 million for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities, the first such appropriation since the [[Recovery Act]] in 2009.<ref name="National League of Cities 2021">{{cite web | title=What You Need to Know About the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant | website=National League of Cities | date=December 3, 2021 | url=https://www.nlc.org/article/2021/12/03/what-you-need-to-know-the-energy-efficiency-and-conservation-block-grant/ | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov IIJA EECBG announcement 2022">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $550 Million in Clean Energy Funding to Benefit and Lower Costs for More than 250 Million Americans | website=Energy.gov | date=November 22, 2022 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-550-million-clean-energy-funding-benefit-and-lower | access-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref> The administration announced the competitive portion would award $8.8 million to 12 communities on October 12, 2023, with the next award applications due in April (later changed to October) 2024.<ref name="EECBG Competitive awardees 2023">{{cite web | title=Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) Program Competitive Awards | website=Energy.gov | date=October 12, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/scep/energy-efficiency-and-conservation-block-grant-eecbg-program-competitive-awards | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref><ref name="EECBG Application hub">{{cite web | title=EECBG Program Formula Grant Application Hub | website=Energy.gov | url=https://www.energy.gov/scep/eecbg-program-formula-grant-application-hub | access-date=October 25, 2023}}</ref>

On October 24, 2023, the administration announced the first $3.46 billion in grants from the Act's $11 billion grid rebuilding authorization, would go to 58 projects in 44 states. 16 projects are categorized as for improving grid resilience, 34 are categorized as for building [[smart grid]]s, and eight are categorized as pursuing grid innovation. The investment is the largest in the American grid since the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009|Recovery Act]] 14 years earlier. According to Energy Secretary [[Jennifer Granholm]], the projects could enable 35 gigawatts of renewable energy to come online by 2030 and 400 [[microgrid]]s to be built.<ref name="St. John 2023">{{cite web |last=St. John|first=Jeff| title=The US just made its biggest-ever investment in the grid | website=Canary Media | date=October 18, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/transmission/the-us-just-made-its-biggest-ever-investment-in-the-grid?sfmc_id=4421411&skey_id=37459db0b811beac514b731eaa909ee0b7e90bff2b7183d6beabe65806527bc2 | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="GRIP announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships (GRIP) Program | website=Energy.gov | date=October 24, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/gdo/grid-resilience-and-innovation-partnerships-grip-program | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref>

On November 15, the Biden administration announced a funding opportunity for the second investment from the grid rebuilding authorization, which would total $3.9 billion, beating the October 24 investment. Grid developers have a deadline of January 12, 2024 to apply.<ref name="The White House NCA5 Announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris Administration Releases Fifth National Climate Assessment and Announces More Than $6 Billion to Strengthen Climate Resilience Across the Country | website=The White House | date=November 14, 2023 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/14/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-releases-fifth-national-climate-assessment-and-announces-more-than-6-billion-to-strengthen-climate-resilience-across-the-country/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115042003/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/14/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-releases-fifth-national-climate-assessment-and-announces-more-than-6-billion-to-strengthen-climate-resilience-across-the-country/|archive-date=November 15, 2023|

On November 16, 2023, the Biden administration announced the first recipients of $40.8 million in grants from a workforce training program the Act created, which will provide skills for industrial technology, the building trades and [[energy audit]]ing.<ref name="Takemura 2023">{{cite web | last=Takemura | first=Alison F. | title=US government deploys $41M to train clean energy workforce | website=Canary Media | date=November 21, 2023 | url= https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy-jobs/us-government-deploys-41m-to-train-clean-energy-workforce| access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov IAC BTAC Announcement 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $40 Million to Expand Clean Energy Workforce Training and Enhance U.S. Building and Manufacturing Efficiency | website=Energy.gov | date=November 16, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-40-million-expand-clean-energy-workforce-training | access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref>

On March 21, the Biden administration announced that five projects in Arizona, Nevada, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania would receive $475 million from the Act, to build solar and geothermal power plants and energy storage on current and former mine lands.<ref name="Energy.gov Mining lands announcement 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $475 Million Investment to Support Clean Energy Solutions on Current and Former Mine Land | website=Energy.gov | date=March 21, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-475-million-investment-support-clean-energy | access-date=April 30, 2024}}</ref> On March 25, 2024, the Biden administration announced the first 33 grant recipients of the Department of Energy's $6 billion Industrial Demonstrations Program to reduce embedded emissions in factories and materials processing, of which the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funds $489 million. [[Cement]] and [[concrete]] industry projects received $1.5 billion in total, [[steelmaking]] projects received $1.5 billion, [[chemical engineering]] and refinery projects $1.2 billion, other metals $930 million, and glass, paper, and food and beverage supply the remainder of the $6 billion. These projects are located mostly in [[environmental justice]] communities across more than 20 states, and were selected for their best balancing of deep emissions cuts, market viability, speedy completion, and community benefits. The Biden administration expects these projects to drive 1.4 million tons in carbon emissions cuts.<ref name="Gallucci 2024">{{cite web | last=Gallucci | first=Maria | title=Biden admin invests $6B to cut carbon from steel, cement | website=Canary Media | date=March 25, 2024 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-industry/biden-admin-invests-6b-to-cut-carbon-from-steel-cement-and-snacks | access-date=March 25, 2024}}</ref> On April 30, the Department of Energy announced 19 more recipients across 12 states and 13 tribal communities, of $78 million in award grants from the Act's Energy Improvements in Remote or Rural Areas program, with a majority of projects involving solar power.<ref name="Energy.gov ERA announcement May 2024">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $78 Million to Further Drive Down Energy Costs and Enhance Energy Security in Rural and Remote Communities Across America | website=Energy.gov | date=April 30, 2024 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-78-million-further-drive-down-energy-costs-and | access-date=May 2, 2024}}</ref>

On May 13, 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission published Order 1977, clarifying a provision in the Act by stating that the Commission has 'backstop siting authority' in case a state agency neglects to hand out a construction permit for a new transmission project.<ref name="FERC Order 1977 presentation">{{cite web | title=Applications for Permits to Site Interstate Electric Transmission Facilities | website=Federal Energy Regulatory Commission | date=May 13, 2024 | url=https://ferc.gov/news-events/news/staff-presentation-applications-permits-site-interstate-electric-transmission | access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref>

The Biden administration awarded $7 billion of the $8 billion appropriation to seven hydrogen research hubs, based in California, eastern Washington, southeastern Pennsylvania, southeastern Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, and West Virginia and affecting projects there and in eight more states, on October 13, 2023. The remaining $1 billion will be used for demand-side economic policies to drive growth in hydrogen use.<ref name="Daly 2023">{{cite web | last=Daly | first=Matthew | title=Biden awards $7 billion for clean hydrogen hubs across the country to help replace fossil fuels | website=AP News | date=October 13, 2023 | url=https://apnews.com/article/hydrogen-hubs-energy-biden-climate-pennsylvania-west-virginia-d609a455a6dd018fca5af785f245c6fd | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Energy.gov October 13, 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $7 Billion For America's First Clean Hydrogen Hubs, Driving Clean Manufacturing and Delivering New Economic Opportunities Nationwide | website=Energy.gov | date=October 13, 2023 | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/biden-harris-administration-announces-7-billion-americas-first-clean-hydrogen-hubs-driving | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref>

Several criticisms of the hubs emerged. Jeff St. John, editor in chief of [[RMI (energy organization)|Canary Media]], noted while it does mandate that the DOE create a clean hydrogen definitional standard (which {{as of|2023|10|lc=y}} the DOE had not published), and that the DOE selected applicants who pledged [[community benefits agreement]]s, the Act does not prescribe metrics or guidelines for measuring emissions from these hubs.<ref name="Canary Media hydrogen hubs 2023">{{cite web | title=Biden admin picks 7 'clean hydrogen hubs' for $7 billion federal boost | website=Canary Media | date=October 13, 2023 | url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/hydrogen/biden-admin-picks-7-clean-hydrogen-hubs-for-7-billion-federal-boost | access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> Researcher Hannah Story Brown of the watchdog group Revolving Door Project noted that the majority of hub projects announced are powered by fossil fuels, not renewable energy.<ref name="Story Brown and Marsano 2023">{{cite web | last1=Story Brown | first1=Hannah |last2=Marsano|first2=Emma | title=RELEASE: Energy Department's Embrace Of Fossil Fuel Powered Hydrogen Hubs A Win For Manchin, Loss For Climate | website=Revolving Door Project | date=October 16, 2023 | url=https://therevolvingdoorproject.org/release-energy-departments-embrace-of-fossil-fuel-powered-hydrogen-hubs-a-win-for-manchin-loss-for-climate/ | access-date=November 1, 2023}}</ref> Staffers for California Governor [[Gavin Newsom]] requested that the Treasury Department exempt the state's hub from emissions restrictions, citing poor alignment with the state's plans for [[100% renewable energy]].<ref name="Cantú 2024">{{cite web | last=Cantú | first=Aaron | title=California's Dream of a Green Hydrogen Future Could Backfire | website=The American Prospect | date=May 9, 2024 | url=https://prospect.org/environment/2024-05-09-californias-dream-green-hydrogen-future-could-backfire/ | access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref>

{{expand section|date=May 2024}}

{{expand section|date=May 2024}}

In May 2024, the Biden administration announced $3 billion in funding from the law had been allotted to replace lead water pipes.<ref name="White House lead pipes May 2024">{{cite web | author=The White House | title=FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces $3 Billion to Replace Toxic Lead Pipes and Deliver Clean Drinking Water to Communities Across the Country | website=The White House | date=May 2, 2024 | url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/05/02/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-3-billion-to-replace-toxic-lead-pipes-and-deliver-clean-drinking-water-to-communities-across-the-country/ | access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===

In 2023 an agreement between seven states was achieved, aiming to preserve the [[Colorado River]] water system from collapse due to poor management and climate change. The United States is heavily dependent on the river for power generation, drinking water, agriculture, wildlands restoration, and native cultural practices. Some states will reduce water use, receiving compensation for it (totaling $1.2 billion) from the federal government. Many other projects for preserving the river such as [[Water Recycling|water recycling]] and [[rainwater harvesting]], are advanced. The funding comes from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the [[Inflation Reduction Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Historic Consensus System Conservation Proposal to Protect the Colorado River Basin |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-historic-consensus-system-conservation-proposal |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Benji |title=Why the new Colorado River agreement is a big deal — even if you don't live out West |url=https://www.vox.com/climate/2023/5/23/23734404/colorado-river-cuts-lake-mead-deal |access-date=20 June 2023 |agency=Vox |date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Climate adaptation ===

The bill provides around $7 billion to the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] for helping communities adapt to different climate-related disasters such as [[hurricane]]s, [[drought]]s, and [[heat wave]]s. In August 2023, $3 billion was allocated to different related projects, including 124 projects related to resilient infrastructure and communities (located in "38 states, one tribe and the District of Columbia") and 149 projects related to protection from flooding (located in "28 states and the District of Columbia"). From the projects related to infrastructure, 64 use [[nature-based solutions]]. Some of the most vulnerable communities will receive help for free.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces Nearly $3 Billion in Project Selections to Help Communities Build Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events|date=August 28, 2023|url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20230828/biden-harris-administration-announces-nearly-3-billion-project-selections |website=FEMA.gov |publisher=United States federal government |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>

In March 2024, $120 million was delivered to help [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] in the U.S. adapt to climate change. Of this number, $26 million was allocated from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The efforts will include planning, ecosystem management and restoration, planned relocation, and promotion and use of indigenous knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Budryk |first1=Zack |title=Biden administration announces $120 million for tribal climate resilience |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/4531461-biden-administration-announces-120-million-for-tribal-climate-resilience/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |agency=The Hill |date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Announces $120 Million from President's Investing in America Agenda to Enhance Climate Resilience in Tribal Communities |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/biden-harris-administration-announces-120-million-presidents-investing-america-agenda |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=the United States government |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

In October 2023, the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] criticized the IIJA's hydrogen hubs program for its lack of transparency, emphasizing the need for detailed technical reports, public hearings to thwart local [[NIMBY]]ism and skepticism of hydrogen, and incorporation of environmental justice advocates into project leadership.<ref name="NRDC 2023">{{cite web | title=Success of Hydrogen Hubs Requires a Step Increase in Transparency |last1=Kamrath|first1=Erik|last2=Budden|first2=Pete| website=NRDC | date=October 1, 2023 | url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/erik-kamrath/success-hydrogen-hubs-requires-step-increase-transparency | access-date=October 24, 2023}}</ref>

{{Portal|Economics|Engineering|United States}}

* [[CHIPS and Science Act]] of 2022

* [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022]]

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-16776/uslm/COMPS-16776.xml Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act] as amended ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-16776/pdf/COMPS-16776.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-16776/ details]) in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]

* [https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=uslm Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act] as enacted ([https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=pdf&.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/58?link-type=details details]) in the [[United States Statutes at Large|US Statutes at Large]]