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The ILGWU had a sudden upsurge in membership that came as the result of two successful mass strikes in New York City. |
The ILGWU had a sudden upsurge in membership that came as the result of two successful mass strikes in New York City. |
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The first, in 1909, was known as "[[New York shirtwaist strike of 1909|the Uprising of 20,000]]" and lasted for thirteen weeks.<ref> |
The first, in 1909, was known as "[[New York shirtwaist strike of 1909|the Uprising of 20,000]]" and lasted for thirteen weeks.<ref>https://ilgwu.ilr.cornell.edu/timeline/index.html</ref> It was largely spontaneous, sparked by a short walkout of workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, involving only about 20% of the workforce. That, however, only prompted the rest of the workers to seek help from the union. The firm locked out its employees when it learned what was happening.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uprising of 20,000 (1909)|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/uprising-of-20000-1909|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> |
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The news of the strike spread quickly to all the New York garment workers. At a series of mass meetings, after the leading figures of the American labor movement spoke in general terms about the need for solidarity and preparedness, [[Clara Lemlich]] rose to speak about the conditions she and other women worked under and demanded an end to talk and the calling of a strike of the entire industry. The crowd responded enthusiastically and, after taking a [[Psalm 137#Verses 5–6|biblical oath]] in Yiddish, "If I turn traitor to the cause I now pledge, may this hand wither from the arm I now raise," voted for a general strike. Approximately 20,000 out of the 32,000 workers in the shirtwaist trade walked out in the next two days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clara Lemlich sparks "Uprising of the 20,000" {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|url=https://jwa.org/thisweek/nov/22/1909/clara-lemlich|access-date=2020-07-03|website=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-00000-00---off-0whist--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH015900bec77ad5e4d737ef37#A |title=Puts Up Her Mansion: Mrs. Belmont Goes Security for the Striking Shirt Waist Makers, New York Citizen, 20|date=20 December 1909 |publisher=New York Citizen |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> |
The news of the strike spread quickly to all the New York garment workers. At a series of mass meetings, after the leading figures of the American labor movement spoke in general terms about the need for solidarity and preparedness, [[Clara Lemlich]] rose to speak about the conditions she and other women worked under and demanded an end to talk and the calling of a strike of the entire industry. The crowd responded enthusiastically and, after taking a [[Psalm 137#Verses 5–6|biblical oath]] in Yiddish, "If I turn traitor to the cause I now pledge, may this hand wither from the arm I now raise," voted for a general strike. Approximately 20,000 out of the 32,000 workers in the shirtwaist trade walked out in the next two days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clara Lemlich sparks "Uprising of the 20,000" {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|url=https://jwa.org/thisweek/nov/22/1909/clara-lemlich|access-date=2020-07-03|website=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-00000-00---off-0whist--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=HASH015900bec77ad5e4d737ef37#A |title=Puts Up Her Mansion: Mrs. Belmont Goes Security for the Striking Shirt Waist Makers, New York Citizen, 20|date=20 December 1909 |publisher=New York Citizen |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> |
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The strike was only partially successful. The ILGWU accepted an arbitrated settlement in February 1910 that improved the workers' wages, working conditions, and hours, but the settlement did not provide union recognition. A number of companies, including the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, refused to sign the agreement. But even so, the strike won a number of important gains. It encouraged workers in the industry to take action to improve their conditions, brought public attention to the sweatshop conditions. With some 20,000 shirtwaist workers as new members, Local 25 became the largest local affiliate of the ILGWU.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and the Making of America|last1=Buhle|first1=Mari Jo|last2=Murphy|first2=Teresa|last3=Gerhard|first3=Jane|publisher=Pearson / Prentice Hall|year=2009}}</ref> |
The strike was only partially successful. The ILGWU accepted an arbitrated settlement in February 1910 that improved the workers' wages, working conditions, and hours, but the settlement did not provide union recognition. A number of companies, including the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, refused to sign the agreement. But even so, the strike won a number of important gains. It encouraged workers in the industry to take action to improve their conditions, brought public attention to the sweatshop conditions. With some 20,000 shirtwaist workers as new members, Local 25 became the largest local affiliate of the ILGWU.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and the Making of America|last1=Buhle|first1=Mari Jo|last2=Murphy|first2=Teresa|last3=Gerhard|first3=Jane|publisher=Pearson / Prentice Hall|year=2009}}</ref> |
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Several months later, in 1910, the ILGWU led an even larger strike, later named "The Great Revolt", of 60,000 [[cloakmaker]]s. After months of picketing, prominent members of the Jewish community, led by [[Louis Brandeis]], mediated between the ILGWU and the Manufacturer's Association. The employers won a promise that workers would settle their grievances through [[Arbitration in the United States|arbitration]] rather than strikes during the term of the Agreement (a common clause in Union contracts today).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wolensky, Kenneth C. |editor1-last=Arnesen |editor1-first=Eric |title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediausla00arne |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediausla00arne/page/n656 618] |chapter=International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union|isbn=9780415968263 }}</ref> It did also manage to include provisions for the establishment of the Joint Board of Sanitary Control, Committee on Grievances, and a Board of Arbitration.<ref> |
Several months later, in 1910, the ILGWU led an even larger strike, later named "The Great Revolt", of 60,000 [[cloakmaker]]s. After months of picketing, prominent members of the Jewish community, led by [[Louis Brandeis]], mediated between the ILGWU and the Manufacturer's Association. The employers won a promise that workers would settle their grievances through [[Arbitration in the United States|arbitration]] rather than strikes during the term of the Agreement (a common clause in Union contracts today).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Wolensky, Kenneth C. |editor1-last=Arnesen |editor1-first=Eric |title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediausla00arne |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediausla00arne/page/n656 618] |chapter=International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union|isbn=9780415968263 }}</ref> It did also manage to include provisions for the establishment of the Joint Board of Sanitary Control, Committee on Grievances, and a Board of Arbitration.<ref>https://ilgwu.ilr.cornell.edu/history/earlyStruggles.html</ref> |
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==The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and its aftermath== |
==The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and its aftermath== |
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