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{{short description|International humanitarian movement}}
{{Redirect|Red Cross}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
| abbreviation = ICRC and IFRC
| image = Red_Cross,_Red_Crescent,_Red_Crystal_logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal logo
| caption = The [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|three emblems]] in use: Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal
| map = RedCross_MagenDavid_RedCresent.svg
| map_size = 
| map_alt = World-wide places where the organization is operating
| map_caption = Places where the organization is based, with color distinguishing denominations around the world; red is Red Cross, green is Red Crescent, blue is Red Star of David/Red Crystal. Maroon and light green are Red Cross and Red Crescent that are not part of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
| membership = [[UN]]&nbsp;([[United Nations General Assembly observers|United Nations General Assembly]]: both ICRC and IFRC)
| logo = Croixrouge_logos.jpg
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt = Two flags waving
| logo_caption = The [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems]], the symbols from which the movement derives its name, Geneva, 2005
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Nonprofit organization|NPO]]
| founded_date = {{ublist|{{start date and age|1863|02|09|df=yes}} ([[International Committee of the Red Cross]])|{{start date and age|df=yes|1919|05|05}} ([[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]])}}
| founders = {{ublist|[[Henry Dunant]]|[[Gustave Moynier]]|[[Théodore Maunoir]]|[[Guillaume Henri Dufour]]|[[Louis Appia]]}}
| location = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] 
| origins = Geneva
| key_people = [[Mirjana Spoljaric Egger]] {{small|(President)}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| focus = [[Humanitarianism]]
| method = Aid
| endowment = 
| num_volunteers = {{circa}} 16.4{{nbsp}}million<ref name="IFRC annual report 2019">{{cite web |url=https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/annual-report-2019/ |title=Annual Report 2019 – International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies |publisher=[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|IFRC]] |access-date=2020-12-18 |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104160332/https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/annual-report-2019/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| num_employees = {{circa}} 180,000
| num_members = 
| subsid = 
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[Nobel Peace Prize]]|{{small|(1917 ICRC, 1944 ICRC, 1963 ICRC & IFRC)}}
 }}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

The organized '''International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement''' is a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian]] movement with approximately 16{{nbsp}}million [[volunteering|volunteers]], members, and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human [[suffering]].

==History==
===Foundation===
[[File:Sisters of Mercy at the Battle of Gravelotte.jpg|thumb|left|The Red Cross, after the [[Battle of Gravelotte]] in 1870]]
[[File:Jean Henri Dunant.jpg|upright|thumb|right|[[Henry Dunant]], author of ''[[A Memory of Solferino]]'']]
Until the middle of the nineteenth century, there were no organized or well-established army nursing systems for casualties, nor safe or protected institutions, to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield. A devout [[Calvinism|Calvinist]], the Swiss businessman [[Jean-Henri Dunant]], traveled to Italy to meet then-French emperor [[Napoleon III]] in June 1859 with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in [[French Algeria|Algeria]], which at that time was occupied by [[France]].{{sfn|Young|Hoyland|2016|p=354}} He arrived in the small town of [[Solferino]] on the evening of 24 June after the [[Battle of Solferino]], an engagement in the [[Second Italian War of Independence|Austro-Sardinian War]]. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field. Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near-total lack of medical attendance and basic care. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded. He took point in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance with the local villagers to aid without discrimination.
[[File:Original Geneva Conventions.jpg|thumb|Original document of the [[First Geneva Convention]], 1864]]

Back at his home in [[Geneva]], he decided to write a book entitled ''[[A Memory of Solferino]]'', which he published using his own money in 1862. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe, and people he thought could help him make a change. His book included vivid descriptions of his experiences in Solferino in 1859, and he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war, inspired by Christian teaching regarding social responsibility and his experience after the battlefield of Solferino.<ref>{{harvnb|Sending|Pouliot|Neumann|2015|p=181}}; {{harvnb|Stefon|2011|p=221}}</ref> He called for the development of an international treaty to guarantee the protection of medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield.

In 1863, [[Gustave Moynier]], a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, received a copy of Dunant's book and introduced it for discussion at a meeting of that society. As a result of this initial discussion, the society established an investigatory commission to examine the feasibility of Dunant's suggestions and eventually to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. The members of this committee, which has subsequently been referred to as the "Committee of the Five", aside from Dunant and Moynier were physician [[Louis Appia]], who had significant experience working as a field surgeon; Appia's friend and colleague [[Théodore Maunoir]], from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission; and [[Guillaume Henri Dufour|Guillaume-Henri Dufour]], a [[Swiss Armed Forces|Swiss army]] general of great renown. Eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the "International Committee for Relief to the Wounded".

===International conference===
From 26 to 29 October 1863,{{sfn|Dunant|1863|p=2}} the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. The conference was attended by 36 individuals: eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from non-governmental organizations, seven non-official foreign delegates, and the five members of the International Committee. The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were: [[Austrian Empire]], [[Grand Duchy of Baden]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], [[Second French Empire|French Empire]], [[Kingdom of Hanover]], [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]], [[Kingdom of Italy]], [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[Russian Empire]], [[Kingdom of Saxony]], [[Kingdom of Spain]], [[United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway]], and [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].{{sfn|Bennett|2006}}
[[File:Les 5 fondateurs.jpg|thumb|right|"Committee of the Five": Gustave Moynier, Guillaume-Henri Dufour, Henry Dunant, Louis Appia, Théodore Maunoir]]

Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference, adopted on 29 October 1863,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icrc.org/es/doc/resources/documents/treaty/treaty-1863-october-conference.htm |title = Resoluciones y votos de la Conferencia Internacional de Ginebra, 26-29 de octubre de 1863 – CICR |trans-title=Resolutions and votes of the Geneva International Conference, 26–29 October 1863 |date = 29 October 1863 |language=es}}</ref> were:
* The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers;
* Neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers;
* The utilization of volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield;
* The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts;
* The introduction of a common distinctive protection symbol for medical personnel in the field, namely a white armlet bearing a red cross.

[[File:Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg|thumb|Memorial commemorating the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the [[Battle of Dybbøl]] (Denmark) in 1864; jointly erected in 1989 by the national Red Cross societies of Denmark and Germany]]

===Geneva Convention, national societies, and ICRC===
Only a year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|United States]], the [[Empire of Brazil]] and the [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]] to attend an official diplomatic conference. Sixteen countries sent a total of 26 delegates to Geneva. On 22 August 1864, the conference adopted the first [[Geneva Conventions|Geneva Convention]] "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field". Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&xp_treatySelected=120 |title=Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864 |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC |location=Geneva |access-date=2017-06-11}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* {{flag|Swiss Confederation|size=x17px}}
* {{flag|Baden|variant=1862|name=Grand Duchy of Baden}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Belgium}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Denmark|civil|size=23px}}
* {{flag|Spain|name=Kingdom of Spain|variant=1874}}
* {{flag|Second French Empire|name=French Empire}}
* {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse|size=23px}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal|name=Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Prussia|variant=1803}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Württemberg}}
{{div col end}}

The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict.{{sfn|Telò|2014}}

Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention, the first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France, [[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]], Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg. Also in 1864, [[Louis Appia]] and [[Charles William Meredith van de Velde|Charles van de Velde]], a captain of the [[Royal Netherlands Army|Dutch Army]], became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict.

The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] government ratified this treaty on 5 July 1865. The [[Turkish Red Crescent]] organization was founded in the Ottoman Empire in 1868, partly in response to the experience of the [[Crimean War]] (1853–1856), in which disease overshadowed battle as the main cause of death and suffering among [[Turkish people|Turkish]] soldiers. It was the first Red Crescent society of its kind and one of the most important charity organizations in the [[Muslims|Muslim]] world.

In 1867, the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened.
Also in 1867, Jean-Henri Dunant was forced to declare [[bankruptcy]] due to business failures in [[Algeria]], partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/dunant/biographical/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The controversy surrounding Dunant's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion, combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier, led to Dunant's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary. He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued. Thus, he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city.

In the following years, national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe. The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late-nineteenth-century, and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority.{{sfn|Dromi|2016|pp=79–97}} In 1876, the committee adopted the name "International Committee of the Red Cross" (ICRC), which is still its official designation today. Five years later, the [[American Red Cross]] was founded through the efforts of [[Clara Barton]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7315/ |title=The Story of My Childhood |website=[[World Digital Library]] |year=1907 |access-date=2013-10-09}}</ref> More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts. In a rather short period of time, the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work.

When the first [[Nobel Peace Prize]] was awarded in 1901, the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] opted to give it jointly to Jean-Henri Dunant and [[Frédéric Passy]], a leading international [[Pacifism|pacifist]]. More significant than the honor of the prize itself, this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean-Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of [[Heiden, Switzerland|Heiden]]. Only two months earlier his long-standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the committee as its longest-serving president ever.

[[File:Mikami Red Cross.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Gōtarō Mikami]]'s Red Cross flag with which in 1905 he prevented an attack by the Russian army]]

In 1906, the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time. One year later, the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention X]], adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in [[The Hague]], extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare. Shortly before the beginning of the [[World War I|First World War]] in 1914, 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world. The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America ([[Argentina|Argentine Republic]], the [[First Brazilian Republic|United States of Brazil]], the [[Chile|Republic of Chile]], the [[Cuba|Republic of Cuba]], the [[United Mexican States]], the [[Peru|Republic of Peru]], the [[El Salvador|Republic of El Salvador]], the [[Uruguay|Oriental Republic of Uruguay]], the [[Venezuela|United States of Venezuela]]), Asia (the [[China|Republic of China]], the [[Japan|Empire of Japan]] and the [[Thailand|Kingdom of Siam]]), and Africa ([[South Africa|Union of South Africa]]).

===World War I===
[[File:War 1914-1918. International Prisoners-of-War Agency.jpg|thumb|right|War 1914–1918. Geneva, [[Musée Rath|Rath Museum]]. International Prisoners-of-War Agency. Researches department. German section. Express messages and communications to families.]]

With the outbreak of [[World War I]], the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges that it could handle only by working closely with the national Red Cross societies. Red Cross nurses from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war. On 15 August 1914, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners-of-War Agency (IPWA) to trace [[Prisoner of war|POWs]] and to re-establish communications with their respective families. The [[Austrians|Austrian]] writer and pacifist [[Stefan Zweig]] described the situation at the Geneva headquarters of the ICRC:{{blockquote|Hardly had the first blows been struck when cries of anguish from all lands began to be heard in Switzerland. Thousands who were without news of fathers, husbands, and sons in the battlefields, stretched despairing arms into the void. By hundreds, by thousands, by tens of thousands, letters and telegrams poured into the little House of the Red Cross in Geneva, the only international rallying point that still remained. Isolated, like stormy [[petrel]]s, came the first inquiries for missing relatives; then these inquiries themselves became a storm. The letters arrived in sackfuls. Nothing had been prepared for dealing with such an inundation of misery. The Red Cross had no space, no organization, no system, and above all no helpers.{{sfn|Zweig|1921|p=268}}}}

[[File:ICRC V-P-HIST-01816-27.JPG|thumb|left|Group picture of the volunteers – mostly women – in front of the Musée Rath in 1914]]

However, by the end of the year, the Agency already had some 1,200 [[Volunteering|volunteers]] who worked in the [[Musée Rath]] of Geneva, amongst them the [[French people|French]] writer and pacifist [[Romain Rolland]]. When he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] for 1915, he donated half of the [[prize money]] to the Agency.{{sfn|Schazmann|1955|pp=140–43}} Most of the staff were women,{{sfn|Zweig|1921|p=268}} some of whom&nbsp;– like [[Marguerite Gautier-van Berchem|Marguerite van Berchem]], [[Marguerite Frick-Cramer|Marguerite Cramer]] and [[Suzanne Ferrière]]&nbsp;– served in high positions as pioneers of [[gender equality]] in an organisation dominated by men.

By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million [[Swiss franc]]s in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries. Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country. The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923. The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families. The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum]] in Geneva. The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC.

[[File:World War I ambulance Pittsburgh 20th Century Club.png|thumb|Red Cross ambulance from 1917]]
During the entire war, the ICRC monitored warring parties' compliance with the [[Geneva Conventions]] of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country. When [[chemical weapons]] were used in this war for the first time in history, the ICRC mounted a vigorous protest against their use. Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations. In territories that were officially designated as "occupied territories", the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention]]'s "Laws and Customs of War on Land" of 1907.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/Adoption-Process/understanding-the-hague-convention.html| title=Understanding the Hague Convention| website=US Department of State| access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC's work for prisoners of war. In addition to the work of the International Prisoner-of-War Agency as described above, this included inspection visits to POW camps. A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC through the end of the war.

[[File:Under the Red Cross flag at home and abroad (1915) (14781982685).jpg|thumb|left|200px|The MV ''Red Cross'' in New York harbour ca 1915]]

[[File:111-SC-8986 - Red cross nurses serve coffee to the 16th Infantry in Paris. - NARA - 55178330 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Red Cross nurses serving bread and coffee to American [[doughboy]]s of the [[16th Infantry Regiment (United States)|16th Infantry]], [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Division]], upon their arrival in Paris, July 4, 1917.]]

Between 1916 and 1918, the ICRC published a number of [[postcard]]s with scenes from the POW camps. The pictures showed the prisoners in day-to-day activities such as the distribution of letters from home. The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones. After the end of the war, between 1920 and 1922, the ICRC organized the return of about 500,000 prisoners to their home countries. In 1920, the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded [[League of Nations]], which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist [[Fridtjof Nansen]] as its "High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners". His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations "High Commissioner for Refugees". Nansen, who invented the [[Nansen passport]] for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922, appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies. A year before the end of the war, the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work. It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918. In 1923, the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members. Until then, only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the committee. This limitation was expanded to include all Swiss citizens. As a direct consequence of World War I, a treaty was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons. Four years later, the original Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention "relative to the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" was established. The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies.

As early as in 1934, a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population in occupied territories during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference. Unfortunately, most governments had little interest in implementing this convention, and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of [[World War II]].

=== World War II ===
{{further|Theresienstadt Ghetto and the Red Cross}}

[[File:Children playing at Theresienstadt during the Red Cross visit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Photo taken by [[Maurice Rossel]] at choreographed [[Theresienstadt]] visit. Most of the children were murdered at [[Auschwitz]] in the fall of 1944.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schur |first=Herbert |title=Review of Karny, Miroslav, ed., Terezinska pametni kniha |date=1997 |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=759|publisher=Humanities & Social Sciences |access-date=16 September 2018 }}</ref>]]

The Red Cross' response to [[the Holocaust]] has been the subject of significant controversy and criticism. As early as May 1944, the ICRC was criticized for its indifference to [[Jews|Jewish]] suffering and death—criticism that intensified after the end of the war, when the full extent of the Holocaust became undeniable.

One defense to these allegations is that the Red Cross was trying to preserve its reputation as a neutral and impartial organization by not interfering with what was viewed as a German internal matter. The Red Cross also considered its primary focus to be [[prisoners of war]] whose countries had signed the [[Geneva Convention]].{{sfn|Farré|Schubert|2009|p=72}}

The Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision formed the legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II. The activities of the committee were similar to those during World War I: visiting and monitoring [[POW camp]]s, organizing relief assistance for [[civilian population]]s, and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons. By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries. The Central Information Agency on Prisoners-of-War (''Agence centrale des prisonniers de guerre'') had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards, and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency. One major obstacle was that the [[Nazism|Nazi]]-controlled [[German Red Cross]] refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes, including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany, and the [[The Holocaust|mass murders]] conducted in the [[Nazi concentration camps]].

[[File:War Agency.jpg|thumb|War 1939–45. Geneva, Central Prisoners of war Agency, Electoral building/Palace of the General Council]]
Two other main parties to the conflict, the [[Soviet Union]] and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions.

During the war, the ICRC was unable to obtain an agreement with [[Nazi Germany]] about the treatment of detainees in [[concentration camps]], and the ICRC eventually abandoned applying pressure, saying later it did so in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs. The ICRC was also unable to obtain a response to reliable information about the [[extermination camp]]s and the mass killing of European Jews, [[Romani people|Roma]], et al. After November 1943, the ICRC achieved permission to send [[Red Cross parcel|parcels]] to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations. Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, primarily to the concentration camps [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]], [[Buchenwald]], [[Ravensbrück]], and [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]].

[[File:Marcel Junod-5.jpg|thumb|left|[[Marcel Junod]], delegate of the ICRC, visiting [[Prisoner of War|POWs]] in Germany]]

[[Maurice Rossel]] was sent to Berlin as a delegate of the International Red Cross; he visited [[Theresienstadt Ghetto]] in 1944. The choice of the inexperienced Rossel for this mission has been interpreted as indicative of his organization's indifference to the "Jewish problem", while his report has been described as "emblematic of the failure of the ICRC" to advocate for Jews during the Holocaust.{{sfn|Farré|Schubert|2009|p=abstract}} Rossel's report was noted for its uncritical acceptance of [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|Nazi propaganda]].{{efn|{{unbulleted list |[[Livia Rothkirchen]]: "In contrast to those of the Danish delegates, Rossel's report was phrased in positive terms, falling in line with German propaganda."{{sfn |Rothkirchen|2006|p=258}}|[[Lucy Dawidowicz]]: "[Rossel's] acceptance of everything he had seen... and everything he had been told... was total and complacent. The report which he prepared for his superiors in the Red Cross was exactly what the Germans had hoped for... a totally uncritical, even approving affirmation of their propaganda."{{sfn|Dawidowicz|1975|p=138}}}}}} He erroneously stated that Jews were not deported from Theresienstadt.{{sfn|Rothkirchen|2006|p=258}} [[Claude Lanzmann]] recorded his experiences in 1979, producing a documentary entitled ''[[A Visitor from the Living]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cine-holocaust.de/cgi-bin/gdq?dfw00fbw002569.gd |title=Un Vivant Qui Passe. Auschwitz 1943 - Theresienstadt 1944. |publisher=Fritz Bauer Institut |date=2005 |access-date=2009-04-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219104041/http://www.cine-holocaust.de/cgi-bin/gdq?dfw00fbw002569.gd |archive-date=2007-02-19 }}</ref>

On 12 March 1945, ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] allowing ICRC delegates to visit the concentration camps. This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war. Ten delegates, among them Louis Haefliger ([[Mauthausen-Gusen]]), Paul Dunant ([[Theresienstadt]]), and Victor Maurer ([[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]]) accepted the assignment and visited the camps. Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen-Gusen by alerting American troops.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:ICRC-Archives FritzBilfinger-TelegramFromHiroshima-30August1945.jpg|thumb|Telegram by ICRC delegate Fritz Bilfinger from [[Hiroshima]] three weeks after the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombing]]]]
[[Friedrich Born]] (1903–1963), an ICRC delegate in [[Budapest]] who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in [[Hungary]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} [[Marcel Junod]] (1904–1961), a physician from Geneva was one of the first foreigners to visit [[Hiroshima]] after the [[Little Boy|atomic bomb]] was dropped.

In 1944, the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize. As in World War I, it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war, 1939 to 1945. At the end of the war, the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected. In 1948, the Committee published a report reviewing its war-era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947. The ICRC opened its archives from World War II in 1996.

===After World War II; 20th century===
[[File:PoW 1945.jpg|thumb|Budapest 1945. Repatriation of 2,000 Italian [[prisoners of war]].]]

On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea", now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|1907 Hague Convention X]]. The 1929 Geneva convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view (because it was actually formulated in Geneva), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the [[Fourth Geneva Convention]], a new Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War", was established. Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, while there were only 10 articles in the first 1864 convention.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|League of Red Cross Societies]], received its third Nobel Peace Prize.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva (46907115094).jpg|thumb|left|ICRC Headquarters in Geneva]]
On 16 October 1990, the [[UN General Assembly]] granted the ICRC [[observer status]] for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993 affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the committee from any interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

At the end of the [[Cold War]], the ICRC's work became more dangerous. In the 1990s, more delegates died than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were:
* [[Nancy Malloy]] (Canada) and five others. They were shot at point-blank range while sleeping on 17 December 1996 in an ICRC field hospital in the [[Chechnya|Chechen]] city of [[Nowije Atagi]] near [[Grozny]]. Their murderers have never been caught.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
* Ricardo Munguia (El Salvador). He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleagues on 27 March 2003 when their car was stopped by unknown armed men. He was shot, while his colleagues were allowed to escape. His killing prompted the ICRC to temporarily suspend operations across Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/news/2003/03/28/swiss-icrc-delegate-murdered |title=Swiss ICRC delegate murdered |author= |date=28 March 2003 |website=irinnews.org |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian]] |access-date=8 March 2016 |quote=Ricardo Munguia, a Swiss citizen of Salvadorian origin was travelling with Afghan colleagues on an assignment to improve the water supply to the district. He was shot in cold blood on Thursday by a group of unidentified assailants who stopped the vehicles transporting them ... the assailants had shot the 39-year-old water and habitat engineer in the head and burned one car, warning two Afghans accompanying him not to work for foreigners ... Asked what action ICRC was taking, Bouvier explained that for the time being, the ICRC has decided to temporarily freeze all field trips in Afghanistan, calling all staff to the main delegation's offices.}}</ref>
* [[Vatche Arslanian]] (Canada). He worked as a logistics coordinator for the ICRC mission in Iraq. He was killed while travelling through Baghdad together with members of the Iraqi Red Crescent. On 8 April 2003 their car accidentally came into a cross-fire of fighting.

On 27 January 2002, Palestinian Red Crescent volunteer paramedic and [[suicide bomber]] [[Wafa Idris]] was transported to Jerusalem, Israel, by a Red Crescent ambulance, whose driver was part of the plot, and killed herself while committing the [[Jaffa Street bombing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Israeli government rejects charity's report that claims occupation has damaged health of Palestinians|first=Owen|last=Dyer|date=6 December 2003|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7427|pages=1308|doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7427.1308-a |pmid=14656835|pmc=1146510}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Israeli government rejects charity's report that claims occupation has damaged health of Palestinians|first=Owen|last=Dyer|date=December 6, 2003|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7427|pages=1308|doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7427.1308-a |pmid=14656835|pmc=1146510}}</ref> Idris, wearing a Red Crescent uniform, detonated a 22-pound (10 kilogram) bomb made up of TNT packed into pipes, in the center of Jerusalem outside a shoe store on the busy main shopping street [[Jaffa Road]].<ref>Anat Berko (2016). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Smarter_Bomb/NQELzb_8MjAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Wafa+Idris%22+%22jaffa+road%22&pg=PA4&printsec=frontcover ''The Smarter Bomb; Women and Children as Suicide Bombers''].</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Shurat HaDin head protests to Red Cross head over Red Crescent |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-774231 |website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1287&context=honors-theses|author=Chelsea Rock|date=Spring 2006|title="Complicating "female suicide bombers": violence, agency and gender in the rhetoric of shahida"}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=murr|author=Anna-Claire Bowers|date=Summer 2011|title="Coerced and glorified: Female palestinian suicide bombers"}}</ref> The explosion she caused killed her and Pinhas Tokatli (81), and injured more than 100 others.<ref name="DT0128">Inigo Gilmore (January 28, 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209133105/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/01/28/wmid28.xml "Woman suicide bomber shakes Israelis"], ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''</ref>

===21st century===
====Afghanistan====
In the 2000s, the ICRC has been active in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan conflict]] areas and has set up six physical rehabilitation centers to help [[land mine]] victims. Their support extends to the national and international armed forces, civilians and the armed opposition. They regularly visit detainees under the custody of the Afghan government and the international armed forces, but have also occasionally had access since 2009 to people detained by the [[Taliban]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/afghanistan-news-151209.htm |title=Afghanistan: first ICRC visit to detainees in Taliban custody |publisher=ICRC |date=2009-12-15 |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512092203/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/afghanistan-news-151209.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> They have provided basic first aid training and aid kits to both the Afghan security forces and Taliban members because, according to an ICRC spokesperson, "ICRC's constitution stipulates that all parties harmed by warfare will be treated as fairly as possible".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10161136.stm |title=Red Cross in Afghanistan gives Taliban first aid help |work=BBC News |date=2010-05-26 |access-date=2011-12-10}}</ref> In August 2021, when [[NATO]]-led forces retreated from Afghanistan, the ICRC decided to remain in the country to continue its mission to assist and protect victims of conflict. Since June 2021, ICRC-supported facilities have treated more than 40,000 people wounded during armed confrontations there.<ref>Cipolla, Christine (20 August 2021). [https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/why-the-icrc-will-remain-in-afghanistan/46881334 "Why the ICRC will remain in Afghanistan"]. ''swissinfo.ch''. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</ref>

====Russo-Ukrainian conflict====
Among the ten largest ICRC deployments worldwide has been the mission in [[Ukraine]], where the organization has been active since 2014, working closely with the [[Ukrainian Red Cross Society]]. At first, the ICRC was active primarily in the disputed regions of [[Donbas]] and [[Donetsk]], assisting persons injured by armed confrontations there. When [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022]], the fighting moved to more populated areas in East, North, and South Ukraine. The head of the ICRC delegation in [[Kyiv]] warned on 26 February 2022 that neighborhoods of major cities were becoming the frontline with significant consequences for their populations, including children, the sick, and elderly. The ICRC urgently called on all parties to the conflict not to forget their obligations under [[international humanitarian law]] to ensure the protection of the civilian population and infrastructure, and respect the dignity of refugees and [[prisoners of war]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Armed conflict in Ukraine: A statement by Florence Gillette, head of ICRC delegation in Kyiv |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ukraine-crisis-statement-florence-gillette-head-icrc-delegation-kyiv |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>

In response to events in the conflict, the organisation issued [[International Committee of the Red Cross rules of engagement for civilian hackers|rule of engagement for civilian hackers]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Red Cross lays down hacktivism law as Ukraine war rages on |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/10/04/red_cross_hacktivist_rules/ |last=Jones |first=Connor |date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2024-03-25 |work=[[The Register]]}}</ref>

====Israel–Hamas conflict====

Prior to the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war]] Israeli authorities required Palestinian ambulances to undergo thorough searches when passing through checkpoints, saying the policy was driven by Palestinian organizations using ambulances to transport terrorists and armaments.<ref>World Health Organization Fifty-sixth World Health Assembly A56/INF.DOC./6 Provisional agenda item 19 16 May 2003 14. The [[Israeli Ministry of Health]] said: "There have been several proven cases of misuse of Palestinian ambulances to transport ammunition or [[Explosive belt|explosive belts]] or to transfer terrorists."[http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA56/ea56id6.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621060712/http://apps.who.int/gb/archive/pdf_files/WHA56/ea56id6.pdf|date=21 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="mfa">{{cite web |title=Palestinian Misuse of Medical Services and Ambulances for Terrorist Activities |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal+Issues+and+Rulings/Palestinian+Misuse+of+Medical+Services+and+Ambulances+for+Terrorist+Activities+13-Oct-2004.htm |access-date=14 September 2014 |publisher=mfa.gov.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gleis |first1=Joshua L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIHmSazFx_0C&pg=PA163 |title=Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study |last2=Berti |first2=Benedetta |date=2012-07-10 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9781421406145 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Levitt |first=Matthew |url=https://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi |title=Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300122589 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi/page/100 100] |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref> The Israeli Ministry of Health said that: "The Red Crescent closely cooperated with the MDA ([[Magen David Adom]]) until April 2002. At that time, the IDF claimed that Red Crescent ambulances were being used to carry terrorists. The Red Crescent personnel involved in this violation were interrogated."<ref>World Health Organization Fifty-sixth World Health Assembly A56/INF.DOC./6 Provisional agenda item 19 16 May 2003 #35.</ref>

In October 2023, the ICRC responded to the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war]] that has resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians. The ICRC has called the violence "abhorrent" and implored both sides to reduce the suffering of civilians.

The ICRC, working closely with their Red Crescent partners, has a neutral, independent and exclusively humanitarian mandate during such escalations of violence in the Middle East and urged all parties to protect the lives of civilians, to reduce their suffering and protect their dignity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories: Hospitals risk turning into morgues without electricity; hostages must be released immediately |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-hospitals-risk-turning-morgues-without-electricity-hostages-must-be-released |access-date=12 Oct 2023 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref> During the violent conflict, the ICRC and the [[Palestinian Red Crescent Society]] (PRCS) provided hospitals in the Gaza strip with support through large humanitarian convoys from [[Egypt]], and was seriously affected by numerous aerial attacks on medical facilities and ambulances.<ref>[https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-icrc-demands-protection-patients-healthcare-workers-medical-facilities-in-gaza -Israel and the Occupied Territories-] ''ICRC.org''. Retrieved 14 Nov 2023.</ref> The ICRC said in November that civilians have "overwhelmingly borne the brunt" civilians the fighting in the Palestinian enclave and Israel so far. Israeli forces have killed over 25,000 people, including civilians, Israeli nationals, and Hamas members in a devastating bombing campaign and ground offensive.<ref>[https://www.newarab.com/news/icrc-calls-parties-gaza-war-protect-civilians#:~:text=The%20ICRC%20said%20in%20a,bombing%20campaign%20and%20ground%20offensive. "ICRC calls on parties to Gaza war to protect civilians"] (02 December, 2023). ''The New Arab''. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-01-21 |title=Gaza: Death toll surpasses 25,000, Rafah and Khan Younis hit |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/gaza-death-toll-surpasses-25000-rafah-and-khan-younis-hit |access-date= |website=www.newarab.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-17 |title= Israel Gaza: Hostages shot by IDF put out 'SOS' sign written with leftover food |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67745092 |access-date=2024-01-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In late November, the team of the ICRC started a multi-day operation to facilitate the release and transfer of hostages held in Gaza and of Palestinian prisoners to the West Bank.<ref>[https://www.icrc.org/en/document/israel-and-occupied-territories-operation-reunite-hostages-detainees-families-deliver-assistance INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS] ''icrc.org''. Retrieved 24 Nov 2023.</ref> In early December, US Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] insisted that the Red Cross delegation must have access to the remaining hostages. The ICRC is not a negotiating power but the ICRC chief had direct talks with senior Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]] in [[Qatar]] in November, demanding direct access to the remaining hostages.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/blinken-emphasizes-to-red-cross-chief-that-access-must-be-granted-to-gaza-hostages/ "Blinken emphasizes to Red Cross chief that access must be granted to Gaza hostages"] ''The Times of Israel'' (December 9, 2023). Retrieved 9 December 2023.</ref>

===IFRC===
====History====
[[File:Henry Davison.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Pomeroy Davison|Henry Davison]], Founding father of the League of Red Cross societies]]
In 1919, representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the US came together in Paris to found the "League of Red Cross Societies" (IFRC). The original idea came from [[Henry Pomeroy Davison|Henry Davison]], who was then president of the [[American Red Cross]]. This move, led by the American Red Cross, expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war (such as man-made or natural disasters). The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation.

The formation of the League, as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC, was not without controversy for a number of reasons. The ICRC had, to some extent, valid concerns about a possible rivalry between the two organizations. The foundation of the League was seen as an attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution. In addition to that, all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the [[Triple Entente|Entente]] or from associated partners of the Entente.{{sfn|Dromi|2020|p=119}} The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and, due to the efforts of Henry Davison, the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the countries of the [[Central Powers]], namely Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of Russia. These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies, a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC.

The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent [[typhus]] epidemic in Poland. Only five years after its foundation, the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries, an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work. The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss francs, which were used to bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in Russia, Germany, and Albania; earthquakes in Chile, [[Iran|Persia]], Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Turkey; and refugee flows in Greece and Turkey. The first large-scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter. Due to the League's coordination, the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $100 million. Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies.
[[File:Faroe stamp 384 Red Cross.jpg|thumb|right|A stamp from the Faroe Islands]]
[[File:Timbre Turquie Croissant rouge 1928.jpg|thumb|A stamp from Turkey]]

A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the [[Russian Civil War]] from 1917 to 1922 marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict, although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions. The League, with support from more than 25 national societies, organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid goods for civil populations affected by hunger and disease. The ICRC worked with the [[Russian Red Cross Society]] and later the society of the [[Soviet Union]], constantly emphasizing the ICRC's neutrality. In 1928, the "International Council" was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League, a task which was later taken over by the "Standing Commission". In the same year, a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time, defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement.

During the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|Abyssinian war]] between Ethiopia and Italy from 1935 to 1936, the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss francs. Because the Italian fascist regime under [[Benito Mussolini]] refused any cooperation with the Red Cross, these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia. During the war, an estimated 29 people died while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol, most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army. During the [[Spanish Civil War|civil war in Spain]] from 1936 to 1939 the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies. In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War, the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality.

[[File:Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg|thumb|Peace Nobel Prize ceremony in 1963. From left to right: [[Harald V of Norway|Crown Prince Harald of Norway]], [[Olav V of Norway|King Olav of Norway]], ICRC president Leopold Boissier, League Chairman John A. MacAulay.]]

In 1952, the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time. Also, the period of [[decolonization]] from 1960 to 1970 was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. By the end of the 1960s, there were more than 100 societies around the world. On 10 December 1963, the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1983, the League was renamed to the "League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies" to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol. Three years later, the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes. The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies". In 1997, the ICRC and the IFRC signed the [[Seville Agreement]] which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement. In 2004, the IFRC began its largest mission to date after the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|tsunami disaster in South Asia]]. More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics.

==Activities==
===Organization===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Schweiz Genf IRK-Museum.jpg|thumb|Entry to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva]]
[[File:A Turkish Red Crescent Staff.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Turkish Red Crescent]] staff conducting activities for children]]
Altogether, there are about 80 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC, the International Federation, and the National Societies, the majority with the latter.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.icrc.org/ir/en/who-we-are/international-red-cross-red-crescent-movement/
 |title=The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement |author= |date= |website=ICRC in Iran |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=15 November 2023 |quote=The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a global humanitarian network of 80 million people that helps those facing disaster, conflict and health and social problems. }}</ref>

===Fundamental principles===
At the 20th International Conference in Neue Hofburg, [[Vienna]], from 2–9 October 1965, delegates "proclaimed" seven fundamental principles which are shared by all components of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986.<ref>{{cite report |date=November 2015 |title=The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: Ethics and Tools for Humanitarian Action |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/fundamental-principles-international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement-ethics-and |publisher=[[IFRC]] and [[ICRC]] |page=15 |docket= |access-date=23 Nov 2022 |quote=}}</ref> The durability and universal acceptance is a result of the process through which they came into being in the form they have. Rather than an effort to arrive at agreement, it was an attempt to discover what successful operations and organisational units, over the past 100 years, had in common. As a result, the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were not revealed, but ''found&nbsp;–'' through a deliberate and participative process of discovery.

That makes it even more important to note that the definition that appears for each principle is an integral part of the Principle in question and not an interpretation that can vary with time and place.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
|-
! Principle !! Definition
|-
| '''Humanity''' || The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavours, in its international and national capacity, to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples.
|-
| '''Impartiality''' || It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress.
|-
| '''Neutrality''' || In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.
|-
| '''Independence''' || The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement.
|-
| '''Voluntary Service''' || It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.
|-
| '''Unity''' || There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory.
|-
| '''Universality''' || The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide.

===International Conference and the Standing Commission===
{{anchor|International Conference|Standing Commission}}
{{main|Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent}}
The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which occurs once every four years, is the highest institutional body of the Movement. It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC, the IFRC and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions. In between the conferences, the [[Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent]] acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standcom.ch/role-mandate-of-the-standing-commission-2/ |title=Role and Mandate of the Standing Commission |publisher=Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent |access-date=4 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315032535/http://www.standcom.ch/role-mandate-of-the-standing-commission-2/ |archive-date=15 March 2014 }}</ref> In addition, the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the IFRC. It consists of two representatives from the ICRC (including its president), two from the IFRC (including its president), and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference. The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average. Moreover, a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assembly of the International Federation. The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement.

== International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) ==
{{main|International Committee of the Red Cross}}

=== Mission ===
[[File:Flag of the ICRC.svg|thumb|The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross (French: Comité international de la Croix-rouge)]]

The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial, neutral, and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts. According to the revised [[Seville Agreement]] of 2022, the ICRC is entrusted the role of "co-convener" with the national Red Cross or Crescent society in situations of international and
non-international armed conflicts, internal strife and their direct results.

=== Responsibilities ===
The core tasks of the committee, which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes, are the following:
* to monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions
* to organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield
* to supervise the treatment of prisoners of war
* to help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflict ([[Restoring Family Links|tracing service]])
* to organize protection and care for civil populations
* to arbitrate between warring parties in an armed conflict

=== Legal status and organization ===
The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of [[Geneva]] and has offices in over 100 countries. It has more than 22,000 staff members worldwide, about 1,400 of them working in its Geneva headquarters, 3,250 expatriate staff serving as general delegates and technical specialists, and about 17,000 locally recruited staff.

According to Swiss law, the ICRC is defined as a private association. Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is not a [[non-governmental organization]] in the most common sense of the term, nor is it an international organization. As it limits its members (a process called cooptation) to Swiss nationals only, it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs. The word "international" in its name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva Conventions. The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries, based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the committee and respective national governments.

According to its statutes, it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss-citizen members, which it coopts for a period of four years. There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three-quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term.

The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly. The Directorate is the executive body of the committee. It consists of a general director and five directors in the areas of "Operations", "Human Resources", "Resources and Operational Support", "Communication", and "International Law and Cooperation within the Movement". The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years. The Assembly, consisting of all of the members of the committee, convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the committee. The president of the Assembly is also the president of the committee as a whole. Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five-member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters. The council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate.

Due to Geneva's location in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC usually acts under its French name ''Comité international de la Croix-Rouge'' (CICR). The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words "COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE" circling the cross.

=== Funding and financial matters ===
The 2023 budget of the ICRC amounts to 2.5 billion Swiss francs. Most of that money comes from states, including Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions, from national Red Cross societies, the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions, and from international organizations like the [[European Union]]. All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the committee: an annual ''Headquarters Appeal'' to cover its internal costs and ''Emergency Appeals'' for its individual missions. In 2023, Ukraine is the ICRC's biggest humanitarian operation (at 316.5 million Swiss francs), followed by Afghanistan (218 million francs) and Syria (171.7 million francs).

==International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)==
{{main|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies}}

===Mission and responsibilities===
[[File:IFRC logo 2020.svg|thumb|Emblem of the IFRC]]

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists. On the international stage, the IFRC organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies such as natural disasters, manmade disasters, epidemics, mass refugee flights, and other emergencies. As per the 1997 Seville Agreement, the IFRC is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict. The IFRC cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected&nbsp;– each called the ''Operating National Society'' (ONS)&nbsp;– as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance&nbsp;– called ''Participating National Societies'' (PNS). Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the International Federation as full members or observers, about 25–30 regularly work as PNS in other countries. The most active of those are the [[American Red Cross]], the [[British Red Cross]], the [[German Red Cross]], and the Red Cross societies of [[Swedish Red Cross|Sweden]] and [[Norwegian Red Cross|Norway]]. Another major mission of the IFRC which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified, worldwide ban on the use of [[land mine]]s and to bring medical, psychological, and social support for people injured by land mines.

The tasks of the IFRC can therefore be summarized as follows:
* to promote humanitarian principles and values
* to provide relief assistance in emergency situations of large magnitude, such as natural disasters
* to support the national societies with disaster preparedness through the education of voluntary members and the provision of equipment and relief supplies
* to support local health care projects
* to support the national societies with youth-related activities

===Legal status and organization===
[[File:Ambulance of the Italian Red Cross in Parma, 2019.jpg|thumb|Van of the Italian Red Cross]]
The IFRC has its headquarters in Geneva. It also runs five zone offices (Africa, Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East-North Africa), 14 permanent regional offices and has about 350 delegates in more than 60 delegations around the world. The legal basis for the work of the IFRC is its constitution. The executive body of the IFRC is a secretariat, led by a secretary general. The secretariat is supported by five divisions including "Programme Services", "Humanitarian values and humanitarian diplomacy", "National Society and Knowledge Development" and "Governance and Management Services".

The highest decision-making body of the IFRC is its General Assembly, which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies. Among other tasks, the General Assembly elects the secretary general. Between the convening of General Assemblies, the Governing Board is the leading body of the IFRC. It has the authority to make decisions for the IFRC in a number of areas. The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the IFRC, the chairpersons of the Finance and Youth Commissions, and twenty elected representatives from national societies.

The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross (left) and Red Crescent (right) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame.

===Funding and financial matters===
The main parts of the budget of the IFRC are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the IFRC and through revenues from its investments. The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General Assembly. Any additional funding, especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions, is raised by "appeals"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifrc.org/en/publications-and-reports/appeals/ |title=Appeals |publisher=IFRC |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref> published by the IFRC and comes for voluntary donations by national societies, governments, other organizations, corporations, and individuals.

==National Societies==
=== Official recognition ===
[[File:Sjd-ambulance.jpg|thumb|An ambulance owned by the Mexican Red Cross]]
[[File:Magen David Adom 25th anniversary.jpg|thumb|An Israeli stamp commemorating the 25th anniversary of [[Magen David Adom]], issued 11 January 1955]]

National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Within their home country, they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by [[International Humanitarian Law]]. Within the Movement, the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society. The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement. Article 4 of these statutes contains the "Conditions for recognition of National Societies":

: ''In order to be recognized in terms of Article 5, paragraph 2 b) as a National Society, the Society shall meet the following conditions:''
# ''Be constituted on the territory of an independent State where the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field is in force.''
# ''Be the only National Red Cross and-or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings with other components of the Movement.''
# ''Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society, auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field.''
# ''Have an autonomous status which allows it to operate in conformity with the Fundamental Principles of the Movement.''
# ''Use the name and emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent in conformity with the Geneva Conventions.''
# ''Be so organized as to be able to fulfill the tasks defined in its own statutes, including the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflict.''
# ''Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State.''
# ''Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race, sex, class, religion or political opinions.''
# ''Adhere to the present Statutes, share in the fellowship which unites the components of the Movement and co-operate with them.''
# ''Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its work by the principles of international humanitarian law.''

Once a National Society has been recognized by the ICRC as a component of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement), it is in principle admitted to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in accordance with the terms defined in the Constitution and Rules of Procedure of the International Federation.

Today, there are 192 National Societies recognized within the Movement and which are members of the International Federation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/what-we-do/cooperating-national-societies |title=Cooperating with National Societies |author= |date= |website= |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=15 November 2023 |quote=The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the largest humanitarian network in the world. It comprises the ICRC, 192 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and their International Federation, each operating as neutral and independent organizations and all bound by the same Statutes and Fundamental Principles, with the goal of assisting and protecting victims of humanitarian crises in an impartial manner.}}</ref>

The most recent National Societies to have been recognized within the Movement are the [[Maldivian Red Crescent|Maldives Red Crescent Society]] (9 November 2011), the [[Cyprus Red Cross|Cyprus Red Cross Society]], the South Sudan Red Cross Society (12 November 2013) and, the last, the Tuvalu Red Cross Society (on 1 March 2016).<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Navinesh |url=http://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/asia-pacific/tuvalu/tuvalu-red-cross-society-becomes-192th-member-of-the-ifrc--71977 |title=Tuvalu Red Cross Society becomes 192th member of the IFRC |publisher=IFRC |date=2016 |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

=== Activities ===
[[File:Punainen Risti logistiikkakeskus Kalkku (61).jpg|thumb|The Logistics Centre of the [[Finnish Red Cross]] in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]]]]
Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work, each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country. In many countries, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific "Red Cross Laws" granting full independence as required by the International Movement. The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters through activities such as [[Restoring Family Links]].

Depending on their respective human, technical, financial, and organizational resources, many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as [[blood donation]] services or acting as civilian [[Emergency Medical Service]] (EMS) providers. The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on-site logistics.

The Russian Red Cross supports the organisation Myvmeste, which supports the Russian Army with their [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] through their "Everything for victory" fund.<ref>[https://xn--b1agazb5ah1e.xn--p1ai/ "Помощь семьям военнослужащих"] (in Russian; "Help for military families"), Myvmeste</ref>

During the [[Hamas-Israel war]], the IFRC in particular called for humanitarian access across Gaza and West Bank, the release of hostages, the protection of civilians, hospitals and humanitarian workers from indiscriminate attack and compliance with international humanitarian law to ensure its continued activities in the occupied Palestinian territories.<ref>[https://www.ifrc.org/article/ifrc-calls-safe-and-unhindered-access-across-gaza-strip-and-release-hostages “The IFRC calls for safe and unhindered access across the Gaza Strip and the release of hostages”] ifrc.org. Retrieved 30 Nov 2023.</ref>

==History of the emblems==
{{further|Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}The Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Crystal emblems are officially recognized by the movement. De jure, the Red Lion and Sun emblem is also an official emblem, though it has fallen to disuse.<ref name=":0" /> Various other countries have also lobbied for alternative symbols, which have been rejected because of concerns of territorialism.<ref name="seiyaku">{{cite web |date=1945-03-10 |title=The Red Cross – an emblem of the world's largest humanitarian organization |url=http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/red.html |access-date=2009-04-14 |publisher=Seiyaku.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=António Martins |date=1999-03-05 |title=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/int-ifrc.html |access-date=30 October 2014 |publisher=Crwflags.com}}</ref>

=== Red Cross ===
[[File:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|upright=0.45|thumb|100x100px|Red Cross]]The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/emblem-history.htm |title=The history of the emblems |publisher=ICRC |date=2007-01-14 |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the [[Saint George's Cross]] depicted on the flags of [[Flag of England|England]], [[Flag of Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Flag of Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], and several other places. In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the "Greek Red Cross"; that term is also used in [[United States]] law to describe the Red Cross. The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag, whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not.

The Red Cross flag is the colour-switched version of the [[Flag of Switzerland]], in recognition of "the pioneering work of Swiss citizens in establishing internationally recognized standards for the protection of wounded combatants and military medical facilities".<ref name=jmsf/> In 1906, to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity, it was decided officially to promote the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of [[Switzerland]], although no written evidence of this origin had ever been found.{{sfn|Boissier|1985|p=77}}

The 1899 convention signed at the Hague extended the use of the Red Cross flag to [[naval ensigns]], requiring that "all hospital ships shall make themselves known by hoisting, together with their national flag, the white flag with a red cross provided by the Geneva Convention".<ref name="jmsf">{{cite news |last1=McMillan |first1=Joseph |title=Miscellaneous Navy Flags |url=https://www.seaflags.us/miscnavy/MiscNavy.html |access-date=16 June 2022 |publisher=SeaFlags |date=2001}}</ref>

=== Red Crescent ===
[[File:Flag of the Red Crescent.svg|upright=0.45|thumb|100x100px|Red Crescent]]The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|armed conflict of 1876–1878]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. The symbol was officially adopted in 1929, and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it. In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour-reversal of the Swiss flag (rather than a religious symbol), the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour-reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire.

=== Red Crystal ===
[[File:Flag of the Red Crystal.svg|upright=0.45|thumb|100x100px|Red Crystal]]
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was concerned with the possibility that the two previous symbols (Red Cross and Red Crescent) were conveying religious meanings which would not be compatible with, for example, a majority [[Hinduism|Hindu]] or [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] country from the [[Asia-Pacific]] region, where the majority did not associate with these symbols. Therefore, in 1992, the then-president [[Cornelio Sommaruga]] decided that a third, more neutral symbol was required.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sommaruga |first1=Cornelio |title=The red cross and red crescent emblems - Special issue - ICRC |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/news-release/2009-and-earlier/57jnrb.htm |website=www.icrc.org |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=11 November 2022 |language=en-us |date=2 October 1997}}</ref><ref name="Bugnion">{{cite report |author=François Bugnion |author-link= |date= |title=Red Cross, Red Crescent, Red Crystal |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0778.pdf |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |page= |docket= |access-date=15 November 2023 |quote=}}</ref>

On 8 December 2005, in response to growing pressure to accommodate [[Magen David Adom]] (MDA), Israel's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance, and blood bank service, as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, a new emblem (officially the Third Protocol Emblem, but more commonly known as the Red Crystal) was adopted by an amendment of the [[Geneva Conventions]] known as [[Protocol III]], fulfilling Sommaruga's suggestion.<ref>{{cite web |title=III. THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND THEIR ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS |url=https://www.oas.org/dil/introductory_course_on_international_humanitarian_2007_IHL_instruments.pdf |website=Organization of American States |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bugnion" />

The Crystal can be found on official buildings and occasionally in the field. This symbolises equality and has no political, religious, or geographical connotations, thus allowing any country not comfortable with the symbolism of the original two flags to join the movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.redcross.ca/about-us/about-the-canadian-red-cross/red-cross-emblem/the-red-crystal
 |title=The Red Crystal: An additional emblem for use by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
 |author= |date= |website=Canadian Red Cross |publisher= |access-date=15 November 2023 |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Bugnion" />

=== Red Lion and Sun ===
[[File:Red Lion with Sun.svg|upright=0.45|thumb|100x100px|Red Lion and Sun]]
The [[Red Lion and Sun Society]] of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in 1923.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcs.ir/en/index.php?page_id%3D2%26menu_id%3D1%26menu_item_id%3D3 |title=History of the Iranian Red Crescent Society |access-date=2007-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110944/http://www.rcs.ir/en/index.php?page_id=2&menu_id=1&menu_item_id=3 |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> The symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1864,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-12-14 |title=دوره دوم(1301ـ1327) تأسيس و تثبيت |trans-title=Second period (1301-1327) Establishment and consolidation |url=http://www.rcs.ir/fa/index.php?page_id%3D3%26menu_id%3D1%26menu_item_id%3D33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404114921/http://www.rcs.ir/fa/index.php?page_id=3&menu_id=1&menu_item_id=33 |archive-date=2009-04-04 |access-date=2007-08-14 |website=[[Iranian Red Crescent Society]] |language=fa}}</ref> as a counter example to the crescent and cross used by two of Iran's rivals, the Ottoman and the Russian empires. Although that claim is inconsistent with the Red Crescent's history, that history also suggests that the Red Lion and Sun, like the Red Crescent, may have been conceived during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|1877–1878 war between Russia and Turkey]].

Due to the emblem's association with the Iranian monarchy, the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent in 1980, consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols. Although the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse, Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time; the [[Geneva Conventions]] continue to recognize it as an official emblem, and that status was confirmed by [[Protocol III]] in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url=http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/615?OpenDocument| title=Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005 Article 1 – Respect for and scope of application of this Protocol| website=ICRC| access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>

===Unrecognized emblems; Red Star of David and Red Swastika===
[[File:Logo Magen David Adom.svg|thumb|200px|[[Magen David Adom]]]]
{{Anchor|Red Star of David}}For over 50 years, the [[State of Israel]] requested the addition of a red [[Star of David]], arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized, the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well, despite the Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols being used outside of a religious context. This emblem has been used by [[Magen David Adom]] (MDA), or Red Star of David, but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afmda.org/content/about%20us/history.aspx |title=About Us |website=American Friends of Magen David Adom |access-date=2020-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301131336/http://www.afmda.org/content/about%20us/history.aspx |archive-date=2010-03-01 }}</ref> The Red Star of David is not recognized as a protected symbol outside Israel; instead the MDA uses the Red Crystal emblem during international operations in order to ensure protection. Depending on the circumstances, it may place the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal, or use the Red Crystal alone.

In her March 2000 letter to the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' and the ''[[New York Times]]'', [[Bernadine Healy]], then president of the [[American Red Cross]], wrote: "The international committee's feared proliferation of symbols is a pitiful [[fig leaf]], used for decades as the reason for excluding the Magen David Adom—the Shield (or Star) of David."<ref>{{cite letter |first=Bernadine |last=Healy |recipient=[[International Herald Tribune]] and [[The New York Times]] |subject=Regarding "An Outrageous Exclusion of Israel" |language=en |date=4 April 2000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/04/opinion/IHT-what-red-cross-chief-said-letters-to-the-editor.html |access-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref> In protest, the American Red Cross withheld millions in administrative funding to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies since May 2000.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Red Cross/Magen David Adom Issue Simmers, Even As U.S. Releases Funds |url=https://www.jta.org/2003/07/18/archive/red-crossmagen-david-adom-issue-simmers-even-as-u-s-releases-funds |agency=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |date=18 July 2003 |access-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref>

In 1922, a [[Red Swastika Society]] was formed in China during the [[Warlord era (China)|Warlord era]]. The [[swastika]] is used in the [[Indian subcontinent]], East, and Southeast Asia as a symbol to represent [[Dharma]] or [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]] in general. While the organization has organized philanthropic relief projects (both domestic and international), as a sectarian religious body it is ineligible for recognition from the International Committee.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Hostage crisis allegations==
The Australian TV network the [[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC]] and the indigenous rights group [[Rettet die Naturvölker]] released a documentary called ''Blood on the Cross'' in 1999. It alleged the involvement of the Red Cross with the British and Indonesian military in a massacre in the Southern Highlands of [[Western New Guinea]] during the [[World Wildlife Fund]]'s [[Mapenduma hostage crisis]] of May 1996, when Western and Indonesian activists were held hostage by separatists.<ref name=fpcnvideos>{{cite web |url=http://www.engagemedia.org/Members/fPcN_interCultural/videos/Blood_on_the_Cross_Xvid_720x576.avi/view |title=Blood On the Cross |website=Engagemedia |access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref>{{sfn|Leith|2002|pp=305-6}}

Following the broadcast of the documentary, the Red Cross announced publicly that it would appoint an individual outside the organization to investigate the allegations made in the film and any responsibility on its part. Piotr Obuchowicz was appointed to investigate the matter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/11/04/icrc-steps-probe-irian-jaya-case.html |title=ICRC steps up probe into Irian Jaya case |access-date=2020-06-24 |newspaper=[[The Jakarta Post]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112152349/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/11/04/icrc-steps-probe-irian-jaya-case.html |archive-date=2015-01-12 }}</ref> The report categorically states that the Red Cross personnel accused of involvement were proven not to have been present; that a white helicopter was probably used in a military operation, but the helicopter was not a Red Cross helicopter, and must have been painted by one of several military organizations operating in the region at the time. Perhaps the Red Cross logo itself was also used, although no hard evidence was found for this; that this was part of the military operation to free the hostages, but was clearly intended to achieve surprise by deceiving the local people into thinking that a Red Cross helicopter was landing; and that the Red Cross should have responded more quickly and thoroughly to investigate the allegations than it did.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McLeod |first=Alastair |date=2000-04-29 |title=West Papua in the grip of militia terror |publisher=Asia Pacific Solidarity Network |url=https://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/news/2000-04-29/west-papua-grip-of-militia-terror.html |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]]
* [[First Aid Convention Europe]]
* [[List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|List of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]]
* [[World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day]]
* [[UniRef]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|40em}}
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* Hutchinson, John F. ''Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross.'' Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8133-3367-9}}
* {{cite book |title=The politics of power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia |last=Leith |first=Denise |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8248-2566-9}}
* Lavoyer, Jean-Philippe; Maresca, Louis. ''The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law.'' In: ''International Negotiation''. 4(3)/1999. Brill Academic Publishers, pp.&nbsp;503–527. {{ISSN|1382-340X}}
* Moorehead, Caroline. ''Dunant's Dream: War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross''. [[HarperCollins]], London, 1998. {{ISBN|0-00-255141-1}} (Hardcover edition); HarperCollins, London 1999, {{ISBN|0-00-638883-3}} (Paperback edition)
* Möller, Esther (2020), [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/transnational-movements-and-organisations/international-religious-and-humanitarian-movements/esther-moeller-red-cross-and-red-crescent?set_language=en&-C= ''Red Cross and Red Crescent''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO - European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History], retrieved: 17 March 2021.
* {{cite book |last1=Rothkirchen |first1=Livia |author-link1=Livia Rothkirchen |title=The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |location=Lincoln |isbn=978-0-8032-0502-4 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sending| first1=Ole Jacob |last2=Pouliot |first2=Vincent |last3=Neumann |first3=Iver B.|title=Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics |date=20 August 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-36878-7 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Schazmann |first=Paul-Emile |date=1955 |title=Romain Rolland et la Croix-Rouge: Romain Rolland, Collaborateur de l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre |url=https://international-review.icrc.org/fr/articles/romain-rolland-et-la-croix-rouge-romain-rolland-collaborateur-de-lagence-internationale |format=PDF |journal=[[International Review of the Red Cross]] |language=fr |volume=37 |issue=434 |page=140 |doi=10.1017/S1026881200125735|s2cid=144703916 }}
* {{cite book| last=Stefon| first=Matt| title=Christianity: History, Belief, and Practice| year=2011| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-493-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Telò |first=Mario |title=Globalisation, Multilateralism, Europe: Towards a Better Global Governance? |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-4094-6449-5}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Walters |first=William C. |title=An assessment of the capacity of the Red Cross National Societies to address the psychological and social needs of survivors of disasters and complex emergencies in Central and South America |date=2004 |location=Waterloo, Ontario |isbn=0-612-96599-6}}
* Willemin, Georges; Heacock, Roger. ''International Organization and the Evolution of World Society. Volume 2: The International Committee of the Red Cross.'' Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, 1984. {{ISBN|90-247-3064-3}}
* Wylie, Neville. ''The Sound of Silence: The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present.'' In: ''Diplomacy and Statecraft''. 13(4)/2002. Routledge/ Taylor & Francis, pp.&nbsp;186–204, {{ISSN|0959-2296}}
* {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=John| last2=Hoyland |first2=Greg |title=Christianity: A Complete Introduction |date=14 July 2016 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |language=en |isbn=978-1-4736-1577-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zweig |first=Stefan |url=http://archive.org/details/romainrollandman00zweirich |title=Romain Rolland; the man and his work |publisher=T. Seltzer|year=1921|location=New York |translator-last=Eden |translator-first=Paul |translator-last2=Cedar |translator-first2=Paul}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are/movement/ The International RCRC Movement – Who we are]
* [http://www.icrc.org/ International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)]
* [http://www.ifrc.org/ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)]
* [https://standcom.ch/ Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent]
* [http://www.rcrcconference.org International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent]
* {{Dodis|R69}}

{{Red Cross Red Crescent Movement|state=expanded}}
{{Humanitarian Aid|state=collapsed}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}}
{{subject bar|Politics|d=y|auto=1}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|46|13|40|N|6|8|14|E|type:landmark_region:CH|display=title}}

[[Category:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement| ]]
[[Category:Humanitarian aid organizations]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Geneva]]
[[Category:Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes]]
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Medical neutrality]]
[[Category:Missing people organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1863]]
[[Category:1863 establishments in Switzerland]]

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Latin: A a Á á À à Â â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā Ã ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}

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