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{{Short description|Language family of western Venezuela}}
{{Infobox language family
|name = Jirajaran
Line 14 ⟶ 15:
}}
The '''Jirajaran languages''' are group of extinct languages once spoken in western [[Venezuela]] in the regions of [[Falcón]] and [[Lara (state)|Lara]]. All of the Jirajaran languages appear to have become extinct in the early 20th
|last=Adelaar
|first=Willem F. H.
|author2=Pieter C. Muysken
|title=The Languages of the Andes
|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesandesca00adel
|url-access=limited
|year=2004
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=0-521-36275-X
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagesandesca00adel/page/n155 129]–30
}}</ref>
==
Based on
*'''Jirajara''', spoken in the state of [[Falcón]]
*'''Ayomán''', spoken in the village of [[Siquisique]] in the state of [[Lara (state)|Lara]]
*'''Gayón''', spoken at the sources of the [[Tocuyo River]] in the state of [[Lara (state)|Lara]]
Loukotka includes four additional languages, for which no linguistic documentation exists:<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book
| last = Loukotka
| first = Čestmír
| author-link = Čestmír Loukotka
| title = Classification of South American Indian Languages
| url = https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk
| url-access = registration
| publisher = UCLA Latin American Center
| year = 1968
| location = Los Angeles
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk/page/254 254–5]}}</ref>
*'''Coyone''', spoken at the sources of the [[Portuguesa River]] in the state of [[Portuguesa (state)|Portuguesa]]
*'''Cuiba''', spoken near the city of [[Aricagua Municipality|Aricagua]]
*'''Atatura''', spoken between the Rocono and Tucupido rivers
*'''Aticari''', spoken along the [[Tocuyo River]]
[[John Alden Mason|Mason]] (1950) lists:<ref name="Mason-1950">{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}</ref>
*'''Gayón''' ('''Cayon''')
*'''Ayomán'''
*'''Xagua'''
**'''Cuiba''' (?)
*'''Jirajara'''
==Classification==
Line 73 ⟶ 66:
|first=Alfredo
|title=Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela
|
|year=1973
|publisher=Monte Avila Editores, C.A.
|location=Caracas
|language=
|last1=Greenberg
|first1=Joseph
|
|last2
|first2
|author2-link
|title=An Amerind Etymological Dictionary
|url=http://www.merrittruhlen.com/files/AED5.pdf
|access-date=2008-06-27
|edition=12
|date=2007-09-04
|publisher=Dept. of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University
|location=Stanford
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225141018/http://www.merrittruhlen.com/files/AED5.pdf
|archive-date=2010-12-25
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
==
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the [[Sape language|Sape]], [[Timote-Kuika languages|Timote-Kuika]], and [[Puinave-Kak languages|Puinave-Kak]] language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>
==Typology==
Based on the little documentation that exists, a number of [[Linguistic typology|typological]] characteristics are reconstructable:<ref name="CU">{{cite book
|last=Costenla Umaña
|first=Adolfo
|title=Las Lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su Estudio Areal
|date=May 1991
|publisher=Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica
|location=San José
|language=es
|isbn=9977-67-158-3
|pages=56–8}}</ref>
;1. [[VO language|VO word order]] in [[Transitivity (grammatical category)|transitive]] clauses
{{interlinear|indent=2
|apasi mamán |c1=(Jirajara)
|I.cut my.hand
|'I cut my hand'}}
;2. [[Subject (grammar)|Subjects]] precede verbs
{{interlinear|indent=2
|depamilia buratá |c1=(Ayamán)
|the.family is.good
|'The family is good'}}
;3. Possessors which precede the possessed
{{interlinear|indent=2
|shpashiú yemún |c1=(Ayamán)
|arc its.rope
|'the arc of the rope'}}
;4. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify
{{interlinear|indent=2
|pok diú |c1=(Jirajara)
|hill big
|'big hill'}}
;5. Numerals precede the nouns they quantify
{{interlinear|indent=2
|boque soó |c1=(Ayamán)
|one cigarette
|'one cigarette'}}
;6. Use of [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]], rather than prepositions
{{interlinear|indent=2
|angüi fru-ye |c1=(Jirajara)
|I.go Siquisique-to
|'I go to Siquisique.'}}
==Vocabulary comparison==
Jahn (1927) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<ref name="Jahn"/>
:{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Jahn (1927)
|-
!width="75"|[[English language|English]]
Line 139 ⟶ 163:
|sun||iñ||yivat||yuaú
|}
[[Čestmír Loukotka|Loukotka]] (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<ref name="Loukotka"/>
:{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Loukotka (1968)
! gloss !! Jirajara !! Ayomán !! Gayón
|-
| one || || bógha ||
|-
| two || || auyí ||
|-
| three || || mongañá ||
|-
| head || a-ktegi || a-tógh || is-tóz
|-
| ear || a-uñán || a-kivóugh || himigui
|-
| tooth || || a-king ||
|-
| man || iyít || yúsh || yus
|-
| water || ing || ing || guayí
|-
| fire || dueg || dug || dut
|-
| sun || yuaú || iñ || yivat
|-
| maize || dos || dosh || dosivot
|-
| bird || || chiskua || chiskua
|-
| house || gagap || gagap || hiyás
|}
==Further reading==
*Oramas, L. (1916). Materiales para el estudio de los dialectos Ayamán, Gayón, Jirajara, Ajagua. Caracas: Litografía del Comercio.
*Querales, R. (2008). El Ayamán. Ensayo de reconstrucción de un idioma indígena venezolano. Barquisimeto: Concejo Municipal de Iribarren.
==References==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has word lists at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Jirajaran word lists|Appendix:Jirajaran word lists]]'''''}}
{{Reflist}}
{{language families}}
{{South American languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jirajaran Languages}}
[[Category:Jirajaran languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of South America]]
|
Jirajaran | |
---|---|
Hiraháran | |
Geographic distribution | Western Venezuela |
Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | jira1235 |
![]() Pre-contact distribution of the Jirajaran languages |
The Jirajaran languages are group of extinct languages once spoken in western Venezuela in the regions of Falcón and Lara. All of the Jirajaran languages appear to have become extinct in the early 20th century.[1]
Based on adequate documentation, three languages are definitively classified as belonging to the Jirajaran family:[1]
Loukotka includes four additional languages, for which no linguistic documentation exists:[2]
The Jirajaran languages are generally regarded as isolates. Adelaar and Muysken note certain lexical similarities with the Timotean languages and typological similarity to the Chibchan languages, but state that the data is too limited to make a definitive classification.[1] Jahn, among others, has suggested a relation between the Jirajaran language and the Betoi languages, mostly on the basis of similar ethnonyms.[4] Greenberg and Ruhlen classify Jirajaran as belonging to the Paezan language family, along with the Betoi languages, the Páez language, the Barbacoan languages and others.[5]
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Sape, Timote-Kuika, and Puinave-Kak language families due to contact.[6]
Based on the little documentation that exists, a number of typological characteristics are reconstructable:[7]
apasi
I.cut
mamán
my.hand
(Jirajara)
apasi mamán
I.cut my.hand
'I cut my hand'
depamilia
the.family
buratá
is.good
(Ayamán)
depamilia buratá
the.family is.good
'The family is good'
shpashiú
arc
yemún
its.rope
(Ayamán)
shpashiú yemún
arc its.rope
'the arc of the rope'
pok
hill
diú
big
(Jirajara)
pok diú
hill big
'big hill'
boque
one
soó
cigarette
(Ayamán)
boque soó
one cigarette
'one cigarette'
angüi
I.go
fru-ye
Siquisique-to
(Jirajara)
angüi fru-ye
I.go Siquisique-to
'I go to Siquisique.'
Jahn (1927) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]
English | Ayomán | Gayón | Jirajara |
---|---|---|---|
fire | dug | dut, idú | dueg |
foot | a-sengán | segué | angán |
hen | degaró | digaró | degaró |
house | gagap | hiyás | gagap |
snake | huhí, jují | jují | túb |
sun | iñ | yivat | yuaú |
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[2]
gloss | Jirajara | Ayomán | Gayón |
---|---|---|---|
one | bógha | ||
two | auyí | ||
three | mongañá | ||
head | a-ktegi | a-tógh | is-tóz |
ear | a-uñán | a-kivóugh | himigui |
tooth | a-king | ||
man | iyít | yúsh | yus |
water | ing | ing | guayí |
fire | dueg | dug | dut |
sun | yuaú | iñ | yivat |
maize | dos | dosh | dosivot |
bird | chiskua | chiskua | |
house | gagap | gagap | hiyás |
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